Chemical component mapping of pulverized toner by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Iwata, Naoki; Tani, Kotaro; Watada, Atsuyuki; Ikeura-Sekiguchi, Hiromi; Araki, Tôru; Hitchcock, Adam P.

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2005.08.003

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Generally, toners for monochrome print comprise wax, resin, and carbon black particles, the spatial distribution of which has been investigated by using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. [30] The Ru/C catalyst could keep its activity for paper gasification in the presence of toner components, indicating that wax, resin, and carbon black particles do not poison the catalyst. This technique has potential for the production of fuel gases from paper wastes in high-temperature liquid water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous Fuel Production from Nonrecyclable Paper Wastes by Using Supported Metal Catalysts in High‐Temperature Liquid Water

et al. 2010

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Paper wastes are used for the production of gaseous fuels over supported metal catalysts. The gasification of the nonrecyclable paper wastes, such as shredded documents and paper sludge, is carried out in high-temperature liquid water. The order of the catalytic activity for the gasification is found to be ruthenium>rhodium>>platinum>>palladium. A charcoal-supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/C) is the most effective for the gasification of paper and cellulose. Paper wastes are gasified to a limited degree (32.6 carbon %) for 30 min in water at 523 K to produce methane and carbon dioxide, with a small amount of hydrogen. At 573 K, more complete gasification with almost 100 carbon % is achieved within 10 min in water. At 523 K, the gas yield of paper gasification over Ru/C is higher than that of cellulose powder. The gas yields are increased by ball-milling treatment of the recycled paper and cellulose powder. Printed paper wastes are also gasified at 523 K in water.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous Fuel Production from Nonrecyclable Paper Wastes by Using Supported Metal Catalysts in High‐Temperature Liquid Water

et al. 2010

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“…On the other hand, the maximum total O absorbance decreased from 0.65 OD at 75% RH to 0.35 OD at 48% RH. The fact that the relative change in the total O absorbance between these two RH values is ∼50% while the change in the size is only 19% clearly indicates a superior STXM detection sensitivity as compared to other microscopy techniques, such as ESEM or ETEM. ,, For the later two, direct determination of the water-to-solute ratio is not possible and RH-dependent changes in the cross-sectional size are used instead to estimate the hygroscopic response . In the next section, we present an analytical approach we developed to quantify changes in the particle size and the amount of water uptake during the hydration/dehydration cycle and how it can be used to accurately determine the mass of water and water-to-solute ratio within an individual particle at various values of RH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic Behavior of Individual Submicrometer Particles Studied by X-ray Spectromicroscopy

Ghorai

Tivanski

2010

Anal. Chem.

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A novel application of single particle scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is presented for quantitative analysis of hygroscopic properties and phase transitions of individual submicrometer particles. The approach utilizes the exposure of substrate-deposited individual particles to water vapor at different relative humidity followed by STXM/NEXAFS spectromicroscopy analysis. The hygroscopic properties of atmospherically relevant NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and NaNO(3) submicrometer particles were measured to evaluate the utility of the approach. An analytical approach for quantification of a water-to-solute ratio within an individual submicrometer particle during hydration and dehydration cycles is presented. The results for the deliquescence and efflorescence phase transitions and quantitative measurements of water-to-solute ratios are found in excellent agreement with available literature data. Oxygen K-edge NEXAFS spectra of submicrometer sodium halide droplets are reported along with a unique experimental observation of the formation of the halide-water anionic complex in NaBr and NaI microdimensional droplets. The analytical approach provides a unique opportunity for spectromicroscopy studies of water uptake on environmental particles collected in both laboratory and field studies.

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“…Iron oxide in toner transfer by electrostatic attraction to create the image on paper from a negative image on a drum during the printing process.The toner composition varies depending on manufacturers and according to the change in polymeric resin and/or other additives from brand to brand [8,9]. It has been found thatmanysingle analysis methods can be used for investigatingtoner, such as: thinlayer chromatography (TLC), (FT-IR), Pyrolysisgas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, laser desorption mass spectrometry, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,calorimetry, Capillary electrophoresis, Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry, Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy,Also combined methodsare used as pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), Laser ablation-inductively/ plasma-Mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM /EDX) [9][10][11]. And, the most of earlier manuscripts depending on analysis of organic compounds present in toner as a polymeric resin which may be similar in different types of toner and regardless other inorganic compounds as elements which may differ and benefit for discrimination between them [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Some Physical Techniques for Forensic Discrimination of Printer Toner

et al. 2017

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T HE DOCUMENTS examiner had trouble with forensic discrimination between types of toner using a single analysis method. In our study seven samples of toner removed from laser printers of various and same brands of different models will be analysed using more than one method as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to distinguish between different toner samples and applying apply all analysis data for forensic evidence. Results of FT-IR analysis show that all toner samples of HP brand had the same polymeric resin. Raman spectroscopy used to differentiate between toner samples had the same polymeric resin in FT-IR analysis by comparing their Raman spectrum.Toner samples of HP 2300 and HP 4700 printers were indistinguishable by using results of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy,therefore, more elemental analysis will be required. XRF used to differentiate between indistinguishable toner samples of HP 2300 and HP 4700 printers by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Also for all toner samples, results of XRFshown showed that iron, silicon, cupper, calcium, and ruthenium were the major percent elements present in toner. The results of XRD show thatt here are common compounds (phases) between the analyzed tonersamples and the composition for major elementspresent were oxides.

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Chemical component mapping of pulverized toner by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Gaseous Fuel Production from Nonrecyclable Paper Wastes by Using Supported Metal Catalysts in High‐Temperature Liquid Water

Gaseous Fuel Production from Nonrecyclable Paper Wastes by Using Supported Metal Catalysts in High‐Temperature Liquid Water

Hygroscopic Behavior of Individual Submicrometer Particles Studied by X-ray Spectromicroscopy

Application of Some Physical Techniques for Forensic Discrimination of Printer Toner

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