Chemical Composition and Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of Essential Oils Obtained from Leaves of Xylopia frutescens and X. laevigata (Annonaceae)

Abstract

Essential oils from leaves of Xylopia frutescens (XFMJ) and two specimens of Xylopia laevigata (XLMC and XLSI) were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Sesquiterpenes dominated the essential oils. The main constituents of XFMJ were (E)-caryophyllene (24.8%), bicyclogermacrene (20.8%), germacrene D (17.0%), -elemene (7.9%), and (E)--ocimene (6.8%). XLMC contained significant quantities of germacrene D (18.9%), bicyclogermacrene (18.4%), -elemene (9.5%), -selinene (9.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.5%), germacrene B (5.7%) and -muurolene (5.7%), while germacrene D (27.0%), bicyclogermacrene (12.8%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.6%), -muurolene (8.6%), -cadinene (6.8%), and germacrene B (6.0%) were the main components of XLSI. The essential oils had trypanocidal activity against the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC 50 values lower than 30 µg.mL-1 and 15 µg.mL-1 against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi, respectively, and were also able to reduce the percentage in vitro of T. cruzi-infected macrophages and the intracellular number of amastigotes at concentrations that were non-cytotoxic to macrophages.

Chemical composition of essential oils fromAnnona vepretorumMart. andAnnona squamosaL. (Annonaceae) leaves and their antimalarial and trypanocidal activities

“…Although the essential oils were less effective than benznidazole or mefloquine in the biological assays, it is important to say that these reference drugs are highly toxic to hosts and showing a variable efficacy in several strains that have some degree of resistance to these drugs (18,19). Furthermore, results presented in this study are considered very promising when compared with other results of Annonaceae essential oils with trypanocidal and antimalarial activity (6,16,20). Journal of Essential Oil Research 5 After confirming that AVOE and ASOE were able to kill parasites, our next step was to understand how they affect parasite cells through assays with trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi, once the trypanocidal activity of species of Annonaceae is better documented than the antimalarial activity.…”

“…Recently, Costa et al (6) described the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of AVOE, identifying eighteen compounds less than this study. These variations, or detector sensitivity or sample dilution in the composition of the major constituents, as well as the contents of all components, can be related to soil and climate conditions, water stress, collection place, nutrition and other abiotic factors (16). Although limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, linalool, δ-elemene, α-copaene, α-gurjenene, and dehydro-aromadendrene that contributes to the chemical knowledge of the essential Note: RI a (calc.…”

“…Bloodstream trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi were obtained from supernatants of previously infected LLC-MK2 cells placed in ninety-six-well plates (4 × 10 5 cell/ well) in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/mL of gentamycin in the absence or presence of different concentrations of the essential oils, in triplicate. Viable parasites were counted in a Neubauer chamber 24 hours later (16). The percentage of inhibition was calculated in relation to untreated cultures.…”

“…Cell growth was determined after culture for five days by counting viable forms in a Neubauer chamber (16). Bloodstream trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi were obtained from supernatants of previously infected LLC-MK2 cells placed in ninety-six-well plates (4 × 10 5 cell/ well) in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/mL of gentamycin in the absence or presence of different concentrations of the essential oils, in triplicate.…”

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Fresh Fruits of Xylopia Laevigata and its Cytotoxic Evaluation

“…Although popular uses of this plant are almost unknown, we found that a decoction of its leaves and flowers is used in the folk medicine of the Brazilian Northeast for several purposes, including painful disorders, heart disease, treating tumors, and inflammatory conditions [1]. Previous phytochemical investigations of this species reported the presence of terpenes [2], essential oils [1,3,4,5], and alkaloids [6], which presented larvicidal [2], antimicrobial [2], antioxidant [3], antitumor [1], tripanocidal [3,4], anti-inflammatory [5], and antinociceptive properties [5]. Herein, the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the essential oil obtained from the fresh fruits of X. laevigata were investigated for the first time.…”