Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Essential Oils Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Solvent free Microwave Extraction

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) have gained much media attention in recent years because of their advantages in various fields, including food preservation, pharmaceuticals, herbal medicine, and natural therapies. Phenolic components which exhibit antimicrobial activity, along with some healthy substances, are present abundantly in essential oils, hence their use to prevent bacterial growth. Oranges are amongst the world’s most popular fruits. Orange (Citrus sinensis) is widely recognized for its nutritious and medicinal properties. Since time immemorial, most parts of the orange plant from fruits, peels, flowers, leaves and juice are used as traditional medicine. Hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) were used to extract essential oils from orange fruit peels. The total volatile compound yield is obtained from 98-100% by HD and SFME. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the oils obtained from both method contained limonene (98.238% and 98.415, β-myrcene (1.169% and 1.172%) and α-pinene (0.548% and 0.413%). A small amount of sabinene (0.071%) and β- pinene (0.0032%) were only found in SFME-produced orange essential oil. The essential oils obtained from the two extraction methods were able to inhibit against Bacillus cereus.

Antibacterial Activities and Synergistic Interaction of Citrus Essential Oils and Limonene with Gentamicin against Clinically Isolated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Based on these observations, it indicated that limonene had an influence on the antibacterial potential of EOs. is is in agreement to previous reports [16,20,[35][36][37] but in contrast to some other studies [14,31,38]. e antibacterial mechanism of citrus EOs has been described by a previous study.…”

“…is study firstly demonstrated the synergistic effects of CREO, CAEO, and limonene with gentamicin on clinical isolates of MRSA and MSSA. is study proposed that the antibacterial activity of the citrus EOs could attribute to their lipophilicity property and the synergy between their major monoterpene hydrocarbons, limonene, and other minor components such as linalool which has been considered to be an antibacterial agent [37]. e mode of action of EOs could be due to the diffusion and accumulation of the oil in the bacterial cell membrane and then increasing cell membrane permeability, leading to cell lysis and leakage of intracellular components.…”

“…In addition, the disturbance of the cell membrane may disturb vital processes such as energy conversion, nutrient processing, the synthesis of structural macromolecules, and the secretion of growth regulators [16,20]. In addition, limonene is believed to accumulate in the bacterial cell membrane and cause the loss of membrane integrity, dissipation of the proton motive force, inhibition of respiration, and ion transport processes [7,37,40]. In fact, there are several gentamicin-resistant mechanisms.…”

Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of essential oils from lemon, wild orange and petitgrain against MCF-7, HepG2 and HeLa cancer cells

“…Likewise, sweet orange EO from Vietnam contained D-limonene (98.238%), beta-myrcene (1.169%) and alpha-pinene (0.548% and 0.413%) (Ngân et al, 2020). However, sweet orange EO from Uganda and Rwanda showed a total of 51 and 55 volatile chemical components, respectively.…”

Effects of Orange Essential Oil on Some Parameters of Dulce De Leche Prepared with Plant-Based Hazelnut Milk and Cow's Milk Combinations

“…Due to its taste and scent, orange essential oil (OEO) is one of these essential oils that is often utilized in dairy, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. It is a complicated natural mixture made up of over 100 components (Aboudaou et al, 2019;Ngan et al, 2020).…”