Chemical Composition and Extraction of Micro Crystalline Cellulose from Outer Skin Isolated Coffee Husk

Abstract

Coffee husk (CH) is a sustainable and abundantly available cellulosic waste material. Its fiber consists of cellulose as the major structural part which leads to potential utilization for the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) products that can be utilized for different industrial applications. In the present study, chemical composition of outer skin-isolated coffee husk was determined and sequential treatments of various untreated (UT) sample, ethanol—toluene treated sample through dewaxed (DW) treatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—treated sample through alkali (AT) treatment, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)—treated sample through bleaching (BL) treatment have been carried out. The Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) has been extracted through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after BL treatment. The BL treatment for MCC extraction process was conducted without chlorine and additional harsh acid treatment, respectively. The characterization of chemically treated samples was carried out to investigate their morphological, physico-chemistry, and thermal behavior through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared—ray (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential temperature analyzer (DTA). From the chemical composition analysis; the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content were determined and its values were (52.9%), (12.5%), (24.3%), and (9.4%), respectively. In the morphological examination, the great untreated (UT) fiber sample was greatly reduced into a micro-sized BL sample, revealing that (from FTIR analysis) the lignin and hemicellulose contents were greatly removed during chemical treatments and the presence of a micro crystalline cellulose region with 54.7% yield. Also, the sample AT and BL showed the lowest amorphous region in X-RD due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The highest crystallinity index has been determined for the BL sample, i.e., 89.9%. Additionally, the thermal analysis shows that the AT and BL sample has great thermal stability than other (UT and DW) samples at high temperature. Therefore, the outer skin separated coffee husk was prepared from agricultural waste was subjected to eco-friendly chemical treatments to yield MCC. Thus, the extracted MCC is expected to be reliable for replacing other plant materials for the production of crystalline nanomaterial and reinforcing constituent for the fabrication of bio composite.

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Coffee Husk and Brewery’s Spent Grain Fibers Using Alkali-Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Method

“…Te results obtained are consistent with the experimental results presented in previous studies. Te results of cellulose and other chemical compositions of the obtained CH and BSG fbers were close to those presented by Bigliardi et al [9][10][11][12][13] and Mishra et al [15][16][17]37], respectively. Te total ash content of raw BSG (3.96%) was approximately similar to the value obtained by Jackowski et al (3.8%) [38], and similarly, the total ash content obtained in the CH fbers (5%) was almost similar to the value obtained by Castillo et al (5.4%) [39].…”

“…For example, it was used as a feedstock for bioethanol production [5], as a food supplement in "energy drinks" [6], and also as a reinforcement agent in recycled polypropylene [7] and polyhydroxybutyrate composites [8]. CH fbers of cofee Arabica consist of cellulose (30-35%), hemicellulose (18-21%), lignin (19-22%), and other components (25-28%), such as waxy, organic, and inorganic components [9][10][11][12][13]. Te BSG fber, on the other hand, is a by-product generated during the processing of beer in brewing technology that approximately covers 85% of the total waste generated [14].…”

Simple method for obtaining regenerated cellulose nanoparticles from delignified coffee parchment, and their use in fabricating blended films

“…Additionally, obtaining the beverage generates spent coffee grounds. These other by-products have been widely explored for revalorization, such as obtaining nanocellulose, with good outcomes (Alghooneh et al 2017;Dao et al 2022;Zeleke et al 2022;Shi et al 2021;Kanai et al 2020;Karunakaran et al 2023). Nevertheless, CP is poorly utilized, and its main usages are focused on energy production or as livestock feed additives, which do not represent value-added uses, evidencing a lack of revalorization of this by-product (Rodríguez Valencia and Zambrano Franco 2010;Franca et al 2009;Limousy et al 2017).…”