Chemical Composition and Health Attributes of Agri-Foods: A Scientific Overview on Black Foods

Abstract

Several kinds of food can be analyzed by the human sensory organs. In this review, we demonstrate the relation and importance of the color and bioactive molecules of food and their health effects. This work focuses on black foods, which can be found in both natural and processed forms, present in our daily life for several years without being noticed. Besides, the chemistry underlying the black color of black foods has not yet been fully understood. More than 130 black foods are reported in the current review, which belong to 3 main groups and 12 sub-groups. In studied black foods, melanins and anthocyanins are the primary pigments, along with other pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and tannins. The health potential of black foods is also discussed. Due to their high concentration of phytochemical and phenolic compounds, black-colored foods are beneficial in preventing diseases and boosting the immune system. As a promising natural pigment and antioxidant compound source, black foods could be used as functional foods. Several questions on black foods are still open and need more investigation, especially the mechanisms by which the black color is formed in fruits and vegetables.

A comparative review on Ayam Cemani chicken — A comparison with the most common chicken species in terms of nutritional values, LCA, price and consumer acceptance

“…Indeed, the number of Ayam Cemani reported worldwide is supposed to be below 3500 heads. This makes Ayam Cemani one of the most rare chicken breeds present all over the world (Nguyen et al 2023 ).…”

“…The detailed nutrition content of feeding Cemani Chicken ensures that the nutritional content of Cemani Chicken is higher. Cemani Chickens are also believed to be trustworthy as sacrificial animals in traditional and religious rituals and are believed to be beneficial for health (Nguyen et al 2023 ). This is because the black color of the Cemani Chicken indicates the high melanin content in the Cemani Chicken's body which has an impact on the high protein and fat content, as well as being rich in antioxidants and glucose-binding properties (Nguyen et al 2023 ).…”

“…Cemani Chickens are also believed to be trustworthy as sacrificial animals in traditional and religious rituals and are believed to be beneficial for health (Nguyen et al 2023 ). This is because the black color of the Cemani Chicken indicates the high melanin content in the Cemani Chicken's body which has an impact on the high protein and fat content, as well as being rich in antioxidants and glucose-binding properties (Nguyen et al 2023 ). The many benefits and uses of Cemani Chicken have caused consumer interest in Cemani Chicken to be very high.…”

“…The amount of muscle mass in chicken meat is similarly influenced by feeding frequency. Chickens are typically fed twice a day, from 6–7 am until 1–2 pm (Nguyen et al 2023 ). Thus, the quantity of muscle mass in chicken meat is also influenced by body weight.…”

“…Moreover, even there’s no exact number of native chicken’s muscle mass, native chicken known has smaller body appearance compared with broiler chicken and Cemani Chicken. This because native chicken generally lives freely and they search their own food, differ with broiler and Cemani Chicken (Nguyen et al 2023 ).…”