Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Bacterial, and Anti-Cancer Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Citrus limetta Risso Peel Waste Remains after Commercial Use

Abstract

Citrus plants are widely utilized for edible purposes and medicinal utility throughout the world. However, because of the higher abundance of the antimicrobial compound D-Limonene, the peel waste cannot be disposed of by biogas production. Therefore, after the extraction of D-Limonene from the peel wastes, it can be easily disposed of. The D-Limonene rich essential oil from the Citrus limetta risso (CLEO) was extracted and evaluated its radical quenching, bactericidal, and cytotoxic properties. The radical quenching properties were DPPH radical scavenging (11.35 ± 0.51 µg/mL) and ABTS scavenging (10.36 ± 0.55 µg/mL). There, we observed a dose-dependent antibacterial potential for the essential oil against pathogenic bacteria. Apart from that, the essential oil also inhibited the biofilm-forming properties of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, and S. aureus. Further, cytotoxicity was also exhibited against estrogen receptor-positive (MCF7) cells (IC50: 47.31 ± 3.11 µg/mL) and a triple-negative (MDA-MB-237) cell (IC50: 55.11 ± 4.62 µg/mL). Upon evaluation of the mechanism of action, the toxicity was mediated through an increased level of reactive radicals of oxygen and the subsequent release of cytochrome C, indicative of mitotoxicity. Hence, the D-Limonene rich essential oil of C. limetta is useful as a strong antibacterial and cytotoxic agent; the antioxidant properties exhibited also increase its utility value.

Synthesis of Spherical Mn2O3 Nanozymes from Different Green Precursors for their Innovative Applications in Catalytic Properties and Bioactivity

“…Neem has been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacterial strains. 37 On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of A3 can be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as citral, hesperidin, and limonene 38 and a rich essential oil such as D-limonene 39 present in sweet lemon extract. These compounds have been reported to exhibit antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacterial strains.…”

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes

“…[49][50][51] The other two main substances found in different essential oils are cisterpinene, and α-myrcene, both of which have been demonstrated to possess strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. [52,53] The study observed significant radical quenching properties against DPPH, ABTS and hydrogen peroxide radicals. The 2,2'azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS +) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) are synthetic organic radicals which are used to represent the activity of antioxidant molecules.…”

“…Apart from that, significant antiproliferative activity against cancer cells and murine tumor models have also been reported for D‐Limonene; the prominent mechanism of anticancer potential is reported to be apoptosis and autophagy‐mediated death [49–51] . The other two main substances found in different essential oils are cis‐terpinene, and α‐myrcene, both of which have been demonstrated to possess strong antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer effects [52,53] …”

Exploring the chemical characterization and insecticidal activities of Curcuma angustifolia roxb. leaf essential oils against three major stored product insects

“…Essential oils are natural mixtures produced by plant metabolism that are less persistent and biodegradable and have been used successfully against phytophagous insects. The essential oil extraction from crop residues also helps in effective agricultural waste management ( Kuttithodi et al, 2023 , Narayanankutty et al, 2022 ). The development, growth, and adult emergence of insects are significantly influenced by essential oils ( Dey and Gupta, 2016 ).…”