Chemical composition, mass size distribution and source analysis of long-range transported wildfire smokes in Helsinki

Sillanpää, Markus; Saarikoski, Sanna; Hillamo, Risto; Pennanen, Arto; Makkonen, Ulla; Spolnik, Zoya; Grieken, R. Van; Koskentalo, Tarja; Salonen, Raimo O.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.024

Cited by 93 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, high concentrations of secondary ions (sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) in inorganic aerosol composition suggested that biomass burning emissions were mixed with other anthropogenic sources during the transport. Similar long-range transported biomass burning episodes are detected in Finland almost every spring and summer (Sillanpää et al, 2005;Saarikoski et al, 2007;Saarnio et al, 2010). For the rest of the measurement period (25-26 April and 29 April-28 May) the trajectories showed that air masses came over forested clean areas either from north or west.…”

Section: The Origin Of Air Massessupporting

confidence: 64%

High time-resolution chemical characterization of the water-soluble fraction of ambient aerosols with PILS-TOC-IC and AMS

et al. 2010

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Abstract.A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled with a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC) and two ion chromatographs (IC) to enable high time-resolution measurements of water-soluble ions and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) by a single sampling and analytical setup. The new high time-resolution measurement system, the PILS-TOC-IC, was able to provide essential chemical and physical information about fast changes in composition, concentrations and likely sources of the water-soluble fraction of atmospheric aerosol. The concentrations of major watersoluble ions and WSOC were measured by the PILS-TOC-IC system from 25 April to 28 May 2009.The data of the PILS-TOC-IC setup was compared with the data from the High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) data measured from 25 April to 8 May 2009. The measured water-soluble particulate organic matter (WSPOM) concentration varied typically from 0.10 to 8.8 µg m −3 (on average 1.5 µg m −3 ). The WSPOM contributed on average 51% to particulate organic matter (POM) measured with the AMS. The correlation between the data of all the online measurement devices (AMS, PILS-TOC-IC, semicontinuous EC/OC carbon analyzer and TEOM) was excellent. For sulfate, nitrate and ammonium the correlations between the PILS-TOC-IC and AMS were 0.93, 0.96 and 0.96, respectively. The correlation between WSPOM and POM was also strong (r = 0.88). The identified sources of WSPOM were long-range transported biomass burning and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. WSPOM and oxalate produced in biomass burning were clearly correlated with carbon monoxide.

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Section: The Origin Of Air Massessupporting

confidence: 64%

High time-resolution chemical characterization of the water-soluble fraction of ambient aerosols with PILS-TOC-IC and AMS

et al. 2010

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“…In addition, the PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 ratio at the highway toll station was 0.73 (R 2 = 0.98). Measurements of the size distribution and PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 ratio are similar to those made in typical urban roadside environments (Horvath et al, 1996;Osrt and Chestunt, 1998;Gertler et al, 2000;Harrison et al, 2004;Sillanpää et al, 2005;Yin and Harrison, 2008), indicating that emissions from traffic sources are dominant in PM 2.5 fraction in urban areas. Fig.…”

Section: Data Quality Assurancesupporting

confidence: 63%

Influences of Traffic Emissions and Meteorological Conditions on Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 Levels at a Highway Toll Station

Chen

2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels at a highway toll station were monitored from October to December 2008. Experimental results show that hourly average PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels at the highway toll station were 10.6-208.4 μg/m 3 and 6.6-187.9μg/m 3 , respectively. Additionally, the PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 ratio at the highway toll station was 0.73, indicating that emissions from traffic sources are dominant in PM 2.5 fraction. At the highway toll station, the time variations of the PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels were not strongly correlated with traffic volumes; however, traffic on the highway markedly elevated ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels. The PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels at the highway toll station are higher than those at monitoring stations in the vicinity to the toll station by factors of 1.3-1.4 and 1.4-1.8 times, respectively. The low wind speeds and low mixing-layer heights lead to relatively high PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels. Moreover, high wind speed also could have resulted in high PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels due to the re-suspension of particulate matter under well dispersed conditions. Measurements indicate that both traffic emissions and meteorological conditions drive PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels at the highway toll station.

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“…During the pollution episode, the unidentified fraction was especially large (25.5%), and it also contained silicates and metal oxides/hydroxides, as will be shown in TEM/EDX results. The weight percentage of K + (0.90%) and oxalate (0.77%) and the concentration of monosaccharide anhydride ( MA=15 ng m −3 ) also reached their peak values during the pollution episode, indicating the presence of biomass burning aerosols (Andreae, 1983;Andreae et al, 1998;Simoneit et al, 1999;Sillanpää et al, 2005). However, their concentrations only rose slightly (especially MA), which suggests that biomass burning was one source but not the main source of pollution episode aerosols.…”

Section: Bulk Chemical Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of ion and carbon analysis, and also the weighting of VI samples to calculate particle mass concentrations, are described in Saarikoski et al (2005). MA was determined by using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC/MS; Agilent 1100 Series, Trap SL, Agilent Technologies, USA), and the analysis method is described in detail by Sillanpää et al (2005).…”

Section: Bulk Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, their concentrations only rose slightly (especially MA), which suggests that biomass burning was one source but not the main source of pollution episode aerosols. During a strong long-range transported wildfire smoke episode in Helsinki, Finland, the MA concentrations reached over 20-fold higher values (365 ng m −3 ) in three-day PM 2.5 samples (Sillanpää et al, 2005). Satellite observations (MODIS fire detections, Web Fire Mapper maps at http://maps.geog.…”

Section: Bulk Chemical Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis

Niemi

Saarikoski

Tervahattu³

et al. 2006

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.Aerosol samples were collected at a rural background site in southern Finland in May 2004 during pollution episode (PM 1 ∼16 µg m −3 , backward air mass trajectories from south-east), intermediate period (PM 1 ∼5 µg m −3 , backtrajectories from north-east) and clean period (PM 1 ∼2 µg m −3 , backtrajectories from northwest/north). The elemental composition, morphology and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in three size fractions were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses. The TEM/EDX results were complemented with the size-segregated bulk chemical measurements of selected ions and organic and elemental carbon. Many of the particles in PM 0.2−1 and PM 1−3.3 size fractions were strongly internally mixed with S, C and/or N. The major particle types in PM 0.2−1 samples were 1) soot and 2) (ammonium)sulphates and their mixtures with variable amounts of C, K, soot and/or other inclusions. Number proportions of those two particle groups in PM 0.2−1 samples were 0-12% and 83-97%, respectively. During the pollution episode, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was very high (26-48%) in the PM 1−3.3 and PM 3.3−11 samples, while the PM 0.2−1 and PM 1−3.3 samples contained elevated proportions of silicates (22-33%), metal oxides/hydroxides (1-9%) and tar balls (1-4%). These aerosols originated mainly from polluted areas of Eastern Europe, and some open biomass burning smoke was also brought by long-range transport. During the clean period, when air masses arrived from the Arctic Ocean, PM 1−3.3 samples contained mainly sea salt particles (67-89%) with a variable rate of Cl substitution (mainly by NO porous (sponge-like) Na-rich particles (35%) with abundant S, K and O. They might originate from the burning of wood pulp wastes of paper industry. The proportion of biological particles and C-rich fragments (probably also biological origin) were highest in the PM 3.3−11 samples (0-81% and 0-22%, respectively). The origin of different particle types and the effect of aging processes on particle composition and their hygroscopic and optical properties are discussed.

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Chemical composition, mass size distribution and source analysis of long-range transported wildfire smokes in Helsinki

Cited by 93 publications

References 29 publications

High time-resolution chemical characterization of the water-soluble fraction of ambient aerosols with PILS-TOC-IC and AMS

High time-resolution chemical characterization of the water-soluble fraction of ambient aerosols with PILS-TOC-IC and AMS

Influences of Traffic Emissions and Meteorological Conditions on Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 Levels at a Highway Toll Station

Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis

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