Chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke. 1. Gas-phase acids and bases

Eatough, Delbert J.; Benner, Cynthia L.; Bayona, Josep M.; Richards, Galen H.; Lamb, John D.; Lee, Milton L.; Lewis, Edwin A.; Hansen, Lee D.

doi:10.1021/es00064a006

Cited by 104 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We chose 10 mg cig −1 to represent typical SHS particle emissions from a cigarette and 50 mg cig −1 to represent typical cigarette CO emissions (Martin et al, 1997). To represent typical SHS nicotine emissions, we selected 5 mg cig −1 based on reported values for total sidestream mass yield (Daisey et al, 1994;Eatough et al, 1989).…”

Section: Emissions and Smoker Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Klepeis

Nazaroff

2006

Atmospheric Environment

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We apply a simulation model to explore the effect of a house's multicompartment character on a nonsmoker's inhalation exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). The model tracks the minute-by-minute movement of people and pollutants among multiple zones of a residence and generates SHS pollutant profiles for each room in response to room-specific smoking patterns. In applying the model, we consider SHS emissions of airborne particles, nicotine, and carbon monoxide in two hypothetical houses, one with a typical 4-room layout and one dominated by a single large space. We use scripted patterns of room-to-room occupant movement and a cohort of 5,000 activity patterns sampled from a US nationwide survey. The results for scripted and cohort simulation trials indicate that the multicompartment nature of homes, manifested as inter-room differences in pollutant levels and the movement of people among zones, can cause substantial variation in nonsmoker SHS exposure.

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Section: Emissions and Smoker Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Klepeis

Nazaroff

2006

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Leaderer and Hammond (29) confirmed in chamber studies that the air RSP-to-nicotine ratio generated by smokers smoking 10 different brands of U.S. cigarettes with widely differing machine-determined yields is similar. The average RSP-to-nicotine ratio was 14 In mainstream smoketaken in by the smoker-nic tained in particles composed and other nicotinelike alkalo most of the nicotine leaves et phase and becomes part of ti vapor phase (29,31,32). Nic( is breathed in through the no, and inhaled into the lungs by Nicotine is extremely soluble is highly extracted from ET respiratory tree (33 16) ing the slope of the regression line between air nicotine concentration and respirable particle concentration is the best way to assess the degree of correlation between air RSP and nicotine (29).…”

Section: Exposure To Nicotine From Environmental Tobacco Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Benowitz¹

1999

Environmental Health Perspectives

108

127

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Biomarkers are desirable for quantitating human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and for predicting potential health risks for exposed individuals. A number of biomarkers of ETS have been proposed. At present cotinine, measured in blood, saliva, or urine, appears to be the most specific and the most sensitive biomarker. In nonsmokers with significant exposure to ETS, cotinine levels in the body are derived primarily from tobacco smoke, can be measured with extremely high sensitivity, and reflect exposure to a variety of types of cigarettes independent of machine-determined yield. Under conditions of sustained exposure to ETS (i.e., over hours or days), cotinine levels reflect exposure to other components of ETS. Supporting the validity of cotinine as a biomarker, cotinine levels have been positively correlated to the risks of some ETSrelated health complications in children who are not cigarette smokers. -Environ Health Perspect 1 07(Suppl 2): 349-355 (1999). http.//ehpnetl.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/Suppl-2/ 349-355benowitz/abstract.html

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“…Likewise, we hope to compare levels of benzene with those of cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine being measured in about 24,000 serum specimens from the NHANES III population (18). We will then compare their levels with other levels of VOCs that are known to originate from tobacco smoke, such as nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, mysomime, and pyridine (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Priority Toxicant Reference Range Study: Interim Report

Needham¹,

Hill²,

Ashley³

et al. 1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The relationship between human exposure to environmental toxicants and health effects is of utmost interest to public health scientists. To define this relationship, these scientists need accurate and precise methods for assessing human exposure and effects. One of the most accurate and precise means of assessing exposure is to measure the level of the toxicant or its primary metabolite in a biologic specimen; this has been defined as measuring the internal dose. This measurement must be quantitative to best study the dose-response relationship. Pertinent questions asked during an exposure assessment include "How do the levels of a given toxicant in a particular population compare with the levels of that toxicant in other populations?" and "What is the prevalence of exposure to that toxicant in other populations?" To answer these questions for two chemical classes of environmental toxicants, we developed state-of-the-art analytic methods and then applied them to measure the levels of 44 environmental toxicants in biologic specimens from 1000 United States residents who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES ll). These 1000 people are a cross-sectional subset of the NHANES IlIl population and were selected from urban and rural communities in four regions of the United States; all were between 20 and 59 years of age. This subset is not a probability-based sample. The 44 environmental toxicants are 32 volatile organic compounds, which are measured at parts-per-trillion levels in whole blood, and 11 phenols and one phenoxy acid, which are measured at parts-per-billion levels in urine. We present statistical data for these toxicants in a large portion of our study's population. These analytic measurements have not been compared to any demographic characteristics, such as age and race, in this interim report. In addition, we also give examples of how the methods we developed and the reference range data we gathered have been used to assess exposure in other populations. -Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 3): 89-94 (1995)

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Chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke. 1. Gas-phase acids and bases

Cited by 104 publications

References 24 publications

Modeling residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Modeling residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Biomarkers of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

The Priority Toxicant Reference Range Study: Interim Report

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