Chemical composition of precipitation in a Mexican Maya region

Bravo, H.; Saavedra, María I.; Sánchez, Pablo Alejandro; Torres, Raquel; Granada, Liliana Martínez

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00305-2

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Except for NO 3 -and SO 4 2-, ionic concentrations were in agreement with values reported for the Caribbean Region (Cerón et al, 2002;Bravo et al, 2000;Clark et al, 1998;Eklund et al, 1997;Hendry et al, 1990;Mc Dowell et al, 1990). Marine aerosol contributed in a great proportion to Na + , Mg 2+ and Cl -, whereas K + and Ca 2+ showed enrichment and probably were derived from crust.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Table 2 shows the volume-weighted mean concentrations (VWM) for all collected samples in San Antonio Cárdenas and in Table 3 are shown the volume-weighted mean concentrations of precipitation in some marine remote sites of the world (Casimiro et al, 1991;Galloway et al, 1982;Galloway et al, 1983;Junge, 1960;Rhode and Grandell, 1972;Szepesi and Fekete, 1987). In addition, Table 4 shows the volume-weighted mean concentrations for nonremote coastal and marine sites in the Caribbean Sea reported by other researchers (Cerón et al, 2002;Bravo et al, 2000;Clark et al, 1998;Eklund et al, 1997;Hendry et al, 1990;Mc Dowell et al, 1990). According to , and Cl -) was similar to that reported in Table 4, except for nitrate and sulphate whose levels were higher than those reported for coastal and marine remote sites (Table 3).…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Human activities have been implicated as the cause of the enrichment for some of these elements, and often they are referred as enriched elements or excess, in this case, local or regional meteorology data are necessary to identify the main responsible sources (Arimoto et al, 1985). Bravo et al (2000) found a significant contribution of nitric and sulphuric acids to rain acidity in the Gulf of Mexico, resulting from an air mass movement to the west. Likewise, Parungo et al (1990) reported an enrichment factor value of 10 for SO 4 2-, as well as, NO 3 -high levels in the Gulf of Campeche.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Ion sources in rainwater of a coastal site impacted by the gas and oil industry in the southeast of Mexico

Cerón

Química²,

Muriel³

et al. 2013

Global NEST Journal

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The purpose of this research was to study the chemical composition of rainwater to assess the impact of marine aerosol and anthropogenic emissions by using back air-mass trajectories. Fieldwork was done from July to November 2004, in a coastal site probably impacted by gas and oil industry in Campeche, Mexico: San Antonio Cardenas. Na + , Cl -, and Mg 2+, were the most abundant ions, being sea-salt aerosol their unique source. A significant portion of K + and Ca 2+ originated from non-sea-salt sources; and the sulphate excess exceeded the background level reported for remote marine sites, suggesting that besides of marine aerosol, there was a significant contribution of SO 4 2-from anthropogenic sources. NO 3 -concentrations in San Antonio Cardenas exceeded the background level reported for coastal sites with minimal anthropogenic influence and showed a significant correlation with SO 4 2-, suggesting a common source. Agricultural practices are null, for this reason NH 4 + levels were low. Mean pH value was 4.64, this acidity showed a good correlation with SO 4 2-and NO 3 -levels, and with the local meteorology. A sour gas recompression plant located 10 km at NE from San Antonio Cardenas was identified as the main source of this strong acidity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Ion sources in rainwater of a coastal site impacted by the gas and oil industry in the southeast of Mexico

Cerón

Química²,

Muriel³

et al. 2013

Global NEST Journal

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“…The chemical characterization of precipitations continues to be under considerable investigation due to the increase in atmospheric inputs of substances and their effects upon earth, surface water, vegetation, and materials (Bravo et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of wet precipitation and its chemical composition in South of Brazil

Teixeira

Migliavacca

Filho

et al. 2008

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the chemical composition of wet precipitation in samples collected at three stations in the Candiota region in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Samples were collected in 2004. Variables analyzed in wet precipitation were pH, conductivity, and concentration of Cl − , NO − 3 , SO 2− 4 F − , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , NH + 4 , Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, and Cr. SO 2 and NO 2 distribution over the time were also evaluated. Results have showed that pH < 5.6 are found mostly at Candiota airport (85%), followed by Aceguá (72%) and Três Lagoas (65%). Enrichment Factor of the studied ions in wet deposition revealed higher Ca 2+ and SO 2− 4 enrichment in Três Lagoas. Factor Analysis applied to metals and major ions allowed identifying the major sources. While Cl − , Na + , Mg 2+ are of marine origin, SO 2− 4 , NO − 3 , NH + 4 , F − come from anthropogenic sources. Except for Fe and Mn originating from the soil dust, the metals studied showed to have anthropogenic influence The average SO 2 and NO 2 concentration, as well as SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 in wet precipitation in the Candiota region showed higher concentrations during the warmer months.

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“…A field study correlated limestone deterioration at archaeological sites in coastal areas in southeastern Mexico with rainwater acidity (Bravo et al, 2006). In Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico, precipitation was characterized by pH values of 5.35 for an average weighed volume; in certain instances, the pH was as low as 4.6 (Bravo et al, 2000). In the city of San Francisco de Campeche, Mexico, included on the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List, the Forts of San Carlos and San Pedro were built with limestone rocks.…”

Section: Monument Deterioration In Mexicomentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping recession risk for cultural heritage stone in Mexico City due to dry and wet deposition of urban air pollutants

Castillo-Miranda

Torres-Jadón

García-Reynoso

et al. 2017

Atm

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La contaminación del aire representa una amenaza para el patrimonio cultural, ya que acelera el deterioro natural de monumentos, edificaciones, iglesias y vestigios arqueológicos cuyo valor es irremplazable. En la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM) hay 19 968 edificaciones registradas como monumentos arqueológicos, artísticos o históricos. Algunas de ellas están construidas con roca calcárea (piedra caliza o mármol); en muchas otras los materiales utilizados son andesita, tezontle y piedra volcánica. En este trabajo se analiza por primera vez la distribución espacial del riesgo potencial de deterioro de piedra calcárea en términos de erosión superficial, con relación al patrimonio cultural mexicano ubicado en la ZMVM para el año base 2007. Para estimar el riesgo se utilizó la función de daño de Lipfert, que sólo es aplicable a las piedras carbonatadas de baja y mediana porosidad, las cuales incluyen piedra caliza y marfil de densidad media a alta. El mármol blanco de Carrara tiene una densidad de 2.69 g cm -3 y una porosidad de 0.37%, en tanto que la piedra caliza tiene una densidad de 2.2-2.6 g cm -3 y una porosidad de 5-20%. En la piedra caliza de alta porosidad (baja densidad), la función sería aplicable con una subestimación potencial. En esta función, la tasa anual de erosión es a su vez una función de los promedios anuales de precipitación, pH, y deposición seca de SO 2 y HNO 3 . Se interpolaron en un sistema de información geográfica datos de varias redes de monitoreo meteorológico, la red de monitoreo de calidad del aire y deposición ácida de la ZMVM, y un modelo en 3D de la misma ZMVM, con el fin de obtener capas de mapa para estas variables. Estos mapas superpuestos se usaron para aplicar las funciones de Lipfert a coordenadas específicas de una pequeña muestra de monumentos artísticos o históricos relevantes. La complejidad de los gradientes de clima, patrones de vientos y distribución de emisiones dentro de la megalópolis mexicana inducen gradientes de hasta 50% en las tasas de erosión estimadas con la función de Lipfert en sitios cercanos en los cuales se utilizaron los mismos materiales de construcción. La Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis divide la ZMVM en cinco sectores. En 1990, las diferencias en las tasas de erosión entre dichas zonas eran tan amplias como las existentes entre los valores estimados para Oviedo, París y Praga en Europa durante el periodo 1980-2000. Las tasas de erosión disminuyeron alrededor de 50% de 1997 a 2007 (el año base para este informe) gracias al éxito de las acciones de control de la contaminación del aire enfocadas a la protección de la salud pública. No obstante, aún se esperan altos gradientes de erosión para las piedras carbonatadas dentro de la ZMVM. Los valores de erosión reportados en este trabajo deben tomarse como estimaciones conservadores debido al desempeño aún imperfecto de los modelos 3D de calidad del aire en la meteorología urbana, así como al alto grado de incertidumbre en la modelación de inventarios de emisiones. En este sentido, el má...

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Chemical composition of precipitation in a Mexican Maya region

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of Ion sources in rainwater of a coastal site impacted by the gas and oil industry in the southeast of Mexico

Identification of Ion sources in rainwater of a coastal site impacted by the gas and oil industry in the southeast of Mexico

Study of wet precipitation and its chemical composition in South of Brazil

Mapping recession risk for cultural heritage stone in Mexico City due to dry and wet deposition of urban air pollutants

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