Chemical composition of small fragments of metals from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru): Chemical analysis in the micro‐area using FE‐SEM‐EDS, FE‐EMPA and XRD

Kałaska, Maciej; Syczewski, Marcin; Kotowski, Jakub; Giersz, Miłosz

doi:10.1111/arcm.12598

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The values are close to δ 109 Ag = 0 and literature data (Arribas et al, 2020; Mathur et al, 2018) show that the values of δ 109 Ag for sulphide and native Ag ores are in the range −0.4 to 0.4‰ for hypogenic ore and supergenic ores of native Ag. Kałaska et al (2020), describing the chemical data obtained during chemical analysis in the micro‐area of the same samples, initially described the chemical composition of the ores used in the production of individual samples. However, he was unable to determine whether primary or secondary ores were used, but only the phase chemistry of the remaining alloy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The correlation of the MK 33 sample with the samples from the Tiwanaku artefacts is also visible (Figure 6a). Kałaska et al (2020) showed that the MK 33 sample had a distinct composition of inclusions in the alloy compared to other samples. It is characterized by the presence of Sb in the inclusions, which was not observed in any other sample of copper alloys or silver alloys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three samples (MK 24, MK 31, MK 40) have very similar chemical compositions of both the bulk metal and its inclusions (Kałaska et al, 2020). This suggests that the MK 24 sample was made of the same ore, or a similar ore, as the other two samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They most likely constitute the remnants of larger, partially corroded objects or artefacts that have been almost completely corroded. Chemical analysis of these samples described by Kałaska et al (2020) showed that samples of copper alloys represent four different alloys: pure copper, arsenic copper alloy (up to 0.5 wt% As), arsenic bronze alloy (1.4-3 wt% As), and arsenic bronze alloy with increased As content (3.5-7 wt% As). In the case of silver alloy samples, two different alloys were shown in terms of copper content.…”

Section: Samples and Archaeological Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of inclusions are Pb, Bi, and Ag, with an admixture of Cu and As. Detailed chemical analysis data of the alloys and their inclusions are presented in Kałaska et al (2020).…”

Section: Samples and Archaeological Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Deciphering the origin of small metal artefacts from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru) with Pb, Cu, and Ag isotopes

et al. 2022

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This paper presents Ag, Cu, and Pb isotopes for five silver and 10 copper artefacts found in the first intact pre‐Columbian tomb of the Wari culture female elite at Castillo de Huarmey, Peru. Ag and Cu isotope data indicate that the metals were extracted from primary, hypogene ore deposits. Most of the Pb isotope data for the Castillo de Huarmey artefacts correlate with the core Wari site of Conchopata, suggesting utilization of ores from similar deposits. The observed spread in Pb isotopes can be explained by the utilization of regional ores with highly variable Pb isotopes, such as the Julcani deposit. Alternatively, the linear nature of the Pb isotope results obtained for these samples may also be a result of the mixing of ores from different deposits or the re‐smelting of metals. Some of the Pb isotope results also indicate imports from other remote regions, providing evidence for long‐distance interactions on a vast regional scale, in the northern (North Coast of Peru) and southern (Southern Peru and Potosi region in Bolivia) spheres of influence of the Wari Empire and the Tiwanaku state.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Samples and Archaeological Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of inclusions are Pb, Bi, and Ag, with an admixture of Cu and As. Detailed chemical analysis data of the alloys and their inclusions are presented in Kałaska et al (2020).…”

Section: Samples and Archaeological Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Deciphering the origin of small metal artefacts from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru) with Pb, Cu, and Ag isotopes

et al. 2022

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Application of arsenic surveying for determining the position of former mining and metallurgical constructions: an example from the Radzimowice area (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)

Kałaska

Siuda

Sierpień

et al. 2022

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Soil geochemical prospecting is becoming an increasingly important part of archaeological research. Therefore, it is possible to determine the location of various archaeological facilities that no longer exist in the study region. In this study, a morphological analysis of the “Stara Góra” deposit in Radzimowice (Lower Silesia, Poland) was performed using LiDAR DTM (light detection and ranging digital terrain model) images and historical data that describe mining in the vicinity of Radzimowice. This method identified numerous remains of centuries-old mining and metallurgical activity. The data collected were used to create a map of arsenic soil concentrations in this area. The map helped point to the exact locations of the old ore-processing facilities. Geochemical mapping was performed on a 20 × 20-m grid at a sampling depth of approximately 0.2 m. The samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XRF-EDS). The highest concentrations of this element occurred near the arsenic calciner and related dumps, as well as near dumps created during extraction from the Arnold shaft. In summary, in this article, we present the possibility of using a geochemical map of arsenic concentrations in soils supported by LiDAR data for archaeological purposes.

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In‐depth study of a speiss/matte sample from Castillo de Huarmey, North Coast of Peru, and its implications for the pre‐Columbian production of arsenic bronze in the Central Andes

Warchulski,

Kałaska,

Rizzuto

et al. 2024

Archaeometry

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This study aims to characterize the phase composition and chemistry of the speiss/matte sample from the Metallurgist's Burial at Castillo de Huarmey and to use the information derived from these analyses to infer the temperatures, furnace conditions, and ores associated with the smelting processes, which created the speiss/matte sample. For this purpose, a number of geochemical analyses were performed on the spies/matte fragment: analysis of the general chemical composition (handheld X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry [hhXRF], X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS]), analysis of the chemical composition in the micro area (field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector [FE‐SEM‐EDS], field emission electron probe microanalysis [FE‐EPMA]), analysis of the mineral composition (X‐ray diffraction [XRD]), and analysis of the phase composition (Raman spectroscopy). Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the speiss/matte specimen determined that the specimen is composed of distinct arsenide, arsenate, sulfide, and glass phases. During the smelting process, the charge material consisted mainly of Cu, Fe, and As sulfides. Arsenopyrite is the most likely candidate as the mineral source of arsenic. In addition, temperatures of at least 1200°C were achieved during the smelting process, with smelting occurring over a relatively short timeframe given that effective density separation of speiss and matte phases was not achieved.

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Chemical composition of small fragments of metals from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru): Chemical analysis in the micro‐area using FE‐SEM‐EDS, FE‐EMPA and XRD

Cited by 4 publications

References 49 publications

Deciphering the origin of small metal artefacts from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru) with Pb, Cu, and Ag isotopes

Deciphering the origin of small metal artefacts from Castillo de Huarmey (Peru) with Pb, Cu, and Ag isotopes

Application of arsenic surveying for determining the position of former mining and metallurgical constructions: an example from the Radzimowice area (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)

In‐depth study of a speiss/matte sample from Castillo de Huarmey, North Coast of Peru, and its implications for the pre‐Columbian production of arsenic bronze in the Central Andes

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