Chemical composition of smectites formed in clastic sediments. Implications for the smectite-illite transformation

Drief, A.; Nieto, Fernando

doi:10.1180/000985500547124

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Because the occurrence of the soil is topographically free from other influences, the subvotcanic rock is the only source material for the soil. Moreover, the phases, as determined by X-ray diffraction and TEM/AEM, show an assemblage similar to the parent rock, but with a significant amount of smectite and lacking 7-A clay minerals (Drief and Nieto, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The soil contains only smectite as a n e o f o r m e d phase and some detrital minerals inherited from the parent rock (Drief and Nieto, 2000). The lack of berthierine in VS emphasizes the different conditions b e t w e e n natural and experimental environments.…”

Section: The Formation Of Berthierine-smectite Interstratificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A long counting time (200 s) was used because no alkali loss was observed during the analysis. Iron was assumed to be in ferric form for smectite (Drief and Nieto, 2000) and in ferrous form for berthierine and ferroan lizardite as is usual for the sepentine group (e.g., Abad-Ortega and Nieto, 1995;Guggenheim et aL, 1982).…”

Section: Examination Of the Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Drief

Nieto

Navas

2001

Clays and clay miner.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract--The alteration process of a subvolcanic rock with calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine as major components was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Experimental interaction with 1 M NaOH solution led to the formation of dioctahedral beidellite to Fe-rich montmorillonite after 1 and 3 d of reaction. This range of smectite composition is similar to that from natural subvolcanic-derived soil formed from the same parent material. After 14 d of reaction, a berthierine-smectite (B-S) interstratified clay had partially replaced the smectite. Although, the presence of smectite interlayers prevented analysis of pure berthierine, berthierine-rich B-S interstratifications have a composition similar to pure berthierine. After 40 d, the alteration process led to a 7-A S interstratification whose composition falls between greenalite and lizardite. A series of amorphous materials were also found in the 14 and 40-d experiments. The most abundant of these is a Si-CaFe-rich material, whose chemical composition approaches that of the starting rock. In contrast, two other amorphous materials had a smectitic composition.Key W o r d s~A E M Analysis, Berthierine, Interstratification, Lizardite, NaOH Solution, Smectite. I N T R O D U C T I O NClay minerals such as smectites are widely distributed over the earth's crust as the weathering products of volcanic glasses or rock-forming minerals. Smectites have been synthesized at low temperature using v a r i o u s starting materials. F a r m e r et al. (1991a, 1991b) found that saponite-and nontronite-like structures developed from aluminosilicate precipitates digested in solutions containing M g and Fe ions, respectively. Plee et al. (1987) and Schultz et aI. (1987) reported the synthesis of beidellite from aluminosilicate gel in N a O H solutions at 300-340~ Grauby et al. (1993) synthesized smectite in the beidellite-saponite series using synthetic gels at 200~On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, they concluded that the A1-Mg series was continuous b e t w e e n beidellite and montmorillonite end-members. T h e formation of beidellite using aluminosilicate gel as starting material was also investigated by Kloprogge et al. (1990), with experiments performed in N a O H solutions with pH ranging from 7.5 to 13.5 at a temperature of 350~According to these authors, the m o s t highly crystallized beidellite was obtained at 350~ 1 Kbar, 5 d of reaction, and a pH of 10 in the starting solution. K a w a n o and Tomita (1992) reported the formation of beidellite b y hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glass below 200~ M o r e recently, the same authors ( K a w a n o and Tomita, 1994) studied the growth of smectite from leached layers during the experimental alteration of albite in deionized-distilled water at temperatures ranging from 150 to 225~ Berthierine, less c o m m o n in nature than smectite, is an iron-rich aluminous trioctahedral 1:l-type phyllosilicate belonging to the ser...

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Formation Of Berthierine-smectite Interstratificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Drief

Nieto

Navas

2001

Clays and clay miner.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It seems to be closely related instead to the smectite-to-illite transformation as this chlorite is present when R0 is absent and shows a clear parallel with illite-rich (R1 and R3) mixed-layer clays. Chlorite could be a by-product originating from Fe, Mg and even Si from the smectite-to-illite transformation (Ahn & Peacor, 1985;Drief & Nieto, 2000;Masuda et al, 2001). …”

Section: Origin Of Clay Minerals In the Alava Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal models and clay diagenesis in the Tertiary-Cretaceous sediments of the Alava block (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Spain)

Aróstegui¹,

Sangüesa²,

Nieto³

et al. 2006

Clay miner.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AB ST R ACT : Diagenesis in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Alava Block (BasqueCantabrian basin) has been studied using the clay mineralogy (X-ray diffraction) of cuttings from three representative wells of a NÀS cross-section. More than 5500 m of various lithologies (marls, mudstones and sandstones) have been drilled in the northern part of the domain, and 2100 m in the southern zone. The illitization of smectite and the disappearance of kaolinite, due to diagenesis, are the most characteristic features in the northern well. Evolution of smectite to illite has been differentiated into four zones, from top to bottom of the series, each showing specific I-S interstratified clay assemblages. The disappearance of smectite and the distribution of kaolinite in the other two wells are explained based on source-area considerations. Burial and thermal history have been reconstructed, revealing a northward increase in thermal flow until the Oligocene (Alpine orogeny paroxysm). In the northern well, the thermal model suggests temperatures of 160 and 270ºC for the disappearance of smectite (R0) and illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer R1 clay minerals, respectively. The disappearance of kaolinite is related to a temperature of 230ºC, a temperature never attained in the other two wells. Retardation of these processes, in relation to temperature values in the literature, is a consequence of the poor reactivity of marly lithologies, due to the low availability of cations. In this regard, the scarcity of reactants (K-bearing phases) and the absence of pathways (low permeability) for their access and circulation imply that illitization could have taken place in a closed system, by diffusion, on a very small scale, i.e. that of the original smectite grains.

show abstract

“…The analyses of the less kaolinized particles produce formulae interpretable as smectite with an intermediate composition between montmorillonite and Fe-containing beidellite, which have been widely described in nature (Gü ven, 1988;Drief and Nieto, 2000). The transformation of the smectite particles into kaolinite proceeds through partial destruction of one of the tetrahedral sheets according to the previously described model .…”

Section: Transformation From Smectite To Kaolinitementioning

confidence: 99%

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Cámara¹,

Sokolova²,

Nieto³

2009

Mineral. mag.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The mechanism for the kaolinization of smectite is extremely complex. The purpose of this study was to explore this mechanism by providing more microscopic information about kaolinite-smectite (K-S) intermediate phases. Crystal-chemical changes were investigated and integrated in a model of the transformation mechanism. Eight K-S samples from three localities, derived from volcanic ash beds, were studied using transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM, AEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM). The study completes a previous investigation, using several analytical techniques. The samples cover the range of K-S composition available from the previously studied sample set. Analysis by TEM indicated the preservation of particle morphology throughout the process. Most K-S particles had anhedral, smectite-like morphology, and only the most kaolinitic specimen revealed the coexistence of anhedral and euhedral, hexagonal particles. Analytical electron microscopy showed large chemical variations within samples, corresponding to various degrees of smectite kaolinization. Comparison of chemical results (Si/Al) and d 060 values (proxy for octahedral composition) with the extent of kaolinization from thermogravimetry (TG) indicates that chemical changes in the octahedral sheet occur mainly when the proportion of kaolinite is 40À70%. The results above are consistent with kaolinization occurring via layerby-layer transformation through the progressive loss of individual tetrahedral sheets in smectite layers and subsequent chemical changes in the octahedral sheet. Such a mechanism would produce the results observed in this study: (1) most particles preserve their original morphology; (2) significant variation in terms of the extent of transformation of particles within samples, and (3) formation of crystal structures intermediate between those of smectite and kaolinite, with parts of the tetrahedral sheets missing (kaolinite-like patches). Such structures become least stable at kaolinite~50%, when the perimeter of the kaolinite-like patches is largest and chemical changes in the octahedral sheet can occur more easily. Kaolinite layers could not be resolved by HRTEM in most cases and showed lattice fringes corresponding to superstructures. A model was established to quantify kaolinite and smectite layers in the HRTEM images with results which matched TG-derived values.

show abstract

Chemical composition of smectites formed in clastic sediments. Implications for the smectite-illite transformation

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Thermal models and clay diagenesis in the Tertiary-Cretaceous sediments of the Alava block (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Spain)

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Chemical composition of smectites formed in clastic sediments. Implications for the smectite-illite transformation

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Thermal models and clay diagenesis in the Tertiary-Cretaceous sediments of the Alava block (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Spain)

Cámaraite, Ba3NaTi4(Fe2+,Mn)8(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral