CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ASCOSPORES OF Byssochlamys fulva

Banner, M.; Mattick, L. R.; Splittstoesser, D. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb03832.x

“…The relative abundance of proteins in biomass is typically on the order of ∼10%, suggesting that ∼30% of the rural PM2.5 sampled during HAZE2002 were of primary biological origin. This first-order estimate is subject to high uncertainties with regard to the characteristic relative abundance of proteins in primary biogenic aerosol particles (∼1% for wood, ∼10% for leaves, up to ∼50% for microorganisms; GCEP, 2005;Banner et al, 1979;Briza et al, 1988;Zubkov et al, 1999) and potential interferences of humic or humic-like substances with the determination of proteins (Fehrenbach, 2006;Franze, 2004;Graber and Rudich, 2006;Ivleva et al, 2007). Thus, further chemical and biological speciation will be required to corroborate these findings.…”

Section: Aerosol Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural continental aerosol properties and processes observed during the Hohenpeissenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (HAZE2002)

Hock

¹

,

Schneider

²

,

Borrmann

³

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Detailed investigations of the chemical and microphysical properties of rural continental aerosols were performed during the HAZE2002 experiment, which was conducted in May 2002 at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (DWD) in Southern Germany.Online measurements included: Size-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles; total particle number concentrations and size distributions over the diameter range of 3 nm to 9 µm; gas-phase concentration of monoterpenes, CO, O 3 , OH, and H 2 SO 4 . Filter sampling and offline analytical techniques were used to determine: Fine particle mass (PM2.5), organic, elemental and total carbon in PM2.5 (OC2.5, EC2.5, TC2.5), and selected organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, proteins).Overall, the non-refractory components of submicron particles detected by aerosol mass spectrometry (PM1, 6.6±5.4 µg m −3 , arithmetic mean and standard deviation) accounted for ∼62% of PM2.5 determined by filter gravimetry (10.6±4.7 µg m −3 ). The relative proportions of nonrefractory submicron particle components were: (23±39)% ammonium nitrate, (27±23)% ammonium sulfate, and (50±40)% organics (OM1). OM1 was closely correlated with PM1 (r 2 =0.9) indicating a near-constant ratio of nonrefractory organics and inorganics.Correspondence to: J. Schneider (schneider@mpch-mainz.mpg.de)The average ratio of OM1 to OC2.5 was 2.1±1.4, indicating a high proportion of heteroelements in the organic fraction of the sampled rural aerosol. This is consistent with the high ratio of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) over hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) inferred from the AMS results (4:1), and also with the high abundance of proteins (∼3%) indicating a high proportion of primary biological material (∼30%) in PM2.5. This finding was confirmed by low abundance of PAHs (<1 ng m −3 ) and EC (<1 µg m −3 ) in PM2.5 and detection of several secondary organic aerosol compounds (dicarboxylic acids) and their precursors (monoterpenes).New particle formation was observed almost every day with particle number concentrations exceeding 10 4 cm −3 (nighttime background level 1000-2000 cm −3 ). Closer inspection of two major events indicated that the observed nucleation agrees with ternary H 2 SO 4 /H 2 O/NH 3 nucleation and that condensation of both organic and inorganic species contributed to particle growth.

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“…The relative abundance of proteins in biomass is typically on the order of ∼10%, suggesting that ∼30% of the rural PM2.5 sampled during HAZE2002 were of primary biological origin. This first-order estimate is subject to high uncertainties with regard to the characteristic relative abundance of proteins in primary biogenic aerosol particles (∼1% for wood, ∼10% for leaves, up to ∼50% for microorganisms; GCEP, 2005;Banner et al, 1979;Briza et al, 1988;Zubkov et al, 1999) and potential interferences of humic or humic-like substances with the determination of proteins (Fehrenbach, 2006;Franze, 2004;Graber and Rudich, 2006;Ivleva et al, 2007). Thus, further chemical and biological speciation will be required to corroborate these findings.…”

Section: 3%mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural continental aerosol properties and processes observed during the Hohenpeissenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (HAZE2002)

Hock¹,

Schneider²,

Borrmann³

et al. 2007

Preprint

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Abstract. Detailed investigations of the chemical and microphysical properties of rural continental aerosols were performed during the HAZE2002 experiment, which was conducted in May 2002 at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (DWD) in Southern Germany. The online measurement data and techniques included: size-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles by aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS); total particle number concentrations and size distributions over the diameter range of 3 nm to 9 μm (CPC, SMPS, OPC); monoterpenes determined by gas chromatography- ion trap mass spectrometry; OH and H2SO4 determined by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). Filter sampling and offline analytical techniques were used to determine: fine particle mass (PM2.5), organic, elemental and total carbon in PM2.5 (OC2.5, EC2.5, TC2.5), and selected organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, proteins). Overall, the non-refractory components of submicron particles detected by aerosol mass spectrometry (PM1, 6.6±5.4 μg m−3, arithmetic mean and standard deviation) accounted for ~62% of PM2.5 determined by filter gravimetry (10.6±4.7 μg m−3). The relative proportions of non-refractory submicron particle components were: 11% ammonium, 19% nitrate, 20% sulfate, and 50% organics (OM1). In spite of strongly changing meteorological conditions and absolute concentration levels of particulate matter (3–13 μg m−3 PM1), OM1 was closely correlated with PM1 (r2=0.9) indicating a near-constant ratio of non-refractory organics and inorganics. In contrast, the ratio of nitrate to sulfate was highly dependent on temperature (14–32°C) and relative humidity (20–100%), which could be explained by thermodynamic model calculations of NH3/HNO3/NH4NO3 gas-particle partitioning. From the combination of optical and other sizing techniques (OPC, AMS, SMPS), an average refractive index of 1.40–1.45 was inferred for the measured rural aerosol particles. The average ratio of OM1 to OC2.5 was 2, indicating a high proportion of heteroelements in the organic fraction of the sampled rural aerosol. This is consistent with the high ratio of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) over hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) inferred from the AMS results (4:1), and also with the high abundance of proteins (~3%) indicating a high proportion of primary biological material (~30%) in PM2.5. Moreover, the low abundance of PAHs (<1 ng m−3) and EC (<1 μg m−3) in PM2.5 confirm a low contribution of combustion emissions, which are usually also major sources for HOA. Slightly enhanced HOA concentrations indicating fresh anthropogenic emissions were observed during a period when air masses were advected from the densely populated Po Valley, Italy. Detection of several secondary organic aerosol compounds (dicarboxylic acids) and their precursors (monoterpenes) confirmed the finding that secondary aerosol from natural sources was an important aerosol constituent. A sharp decrease of the short lived monoterpenes indicated that during night-time the measurement station was isolated from ground emission sources by a stable inversion layer. Nighttime values can therefore be regarded to represent regional or long range transport. New particle formation was observed almost every day with particle number concentrations exceeding 104 cm−3 (nighttime background level 1000–2000 cm−3). Closer inspection of two major events indicated that ternary H2SO4/H2O/NH3 nucleation triggered particle formation and that condensation of both organic and inorganic species contributed to particle growth.

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Inactivation of yeast and filamentous fungi by the lactoperoxidase‐hydrogen peroxide‐thiocyanate‐system

Popper¹,

Knorr²

1997

Nahrung

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The antifungal activity of the lactoperoxidase (LPO) system with glucose oxidase (GOD) as source of hydrogen peroxide was determined in salt solution and in apple juice. The test organisms Rhodutorula rubra and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were cultivated aerobically in apple juice, Mucor rouxii was grown on wort agar adjusted to pH 4.5. Aspergillus niger and Byssochlamys fulva were kept on malt extract agar. Spores of the filamentous fungi were harvested by suspension in salt solution supplemented with Tween 80 and checked microscopically. The antifungal activity of the combined enzyme system was tested with initial counts of approx. 10(5) cfu.ml-1 (yeast cells or spores) suspended in salt solution supplemented with 25 mg.l-1 thiocyanate and 20 g.l-1 glucose or in apple juice supplemented with the same amount of thiocyanate. The tests were performed with 25 ml of the medium in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks shaken at 28 degrees C under aerobic conditions. Inactivation was achieved for all test organisms in both media. The yeast strains were found to be least stable while B. fulva was most resistant. A combination of 5 U.ml-1 LPO with 0.5 to 1 U.ml-1 GOD was sufficient for complete inactivation of this mold in salt solution within 2 h. The enzyme system also showed antifungal activity in apple juice at acid pH (3.2), although its effectiveness was reduced. In this medium, B. fulva was inactivated by 20 U.ml-1 LPD and 1 U.ml-1 GOD within 4 h. R. rubra and S. cerevisfiae were unable to survive in apple juice at 5 U.ml-1 LPO combined with 1 U.ml-1 GOD. For inhibition by GOD alone, higher amounts of this enzyme were needed and even then only M. rouxii and R. rubra have been affected within the concentration range tested (maximum 3 U.ml-1).

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ASCOSPORES OF Byssochlamys fulva

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Rural continental aerosol properties and processes observed during the Hohenpeissenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (HAZE2002)

Rural continental aerosol properties and processes observed during the Hohenpeissenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (HAZE2002)

Rural continental aerosol properties and processes observed during the Hohenpeissenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (HAZE2002)

Inactivation of yeast and filamentous fungi by the lactoperoxidase‐hydrogen peroxide‐thiocyanate‐system

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