Chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from peel of three citrus species and their mosquitocidal activity against Culex pipiens

Abstract

Three essential oils (EOs) were isolated from the peel of citrus fruits Citrus reticulata L., Citrus reticulata chinase Blanco and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Family: Rutaceae) and evaluated against Culex pipiens L.1758 (Family: Culicidae). Chemical composition indicated that the EOs were rich in essential phytochemicals including hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These constituents revealed some variability among the oils displaying interesting chemotypes limonene (35-51%), 1R-α-pinene (1.04-2.5%), γ-terpinene (0.46-5.65%) and sabinene (0.51-5.42%). The toxicity proved that C. sinensis oil had more effect than C. reticulata chinase and C. reticulata oils against larvae (LC = 15.35, 16.11 and 32.84 mg/L, respectively). However, C. reticulate was the most active as fumigant against adults (LC 2.74 μL/L air). The in vivo effect on acetylcholine esterase (AChE), carboxyl esterase (CbE), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the chemical composition and mosquitocidal activity of C. reticulata chinase essential oils. Conclusively, the tested essential oils could be used as eco-friendly alternatives in mosquitoes control programme.

Acaricidal properties of essential oils from agro‐industrial waste products from citric fruit against Tetranychus urticae

“…The high quantity of monoterpenes followed by sesquiterpenes in the present study, with limonene as the major constituent of the C. reticulate, C. reticulata × C. sinensis , C. aurantiifolia and C. limon oils, is in agreement with data published on samples collected in other locations of Brazil for oranges (Badawy, Taktak, & El‐Aswad, ) and limes/lemons (Amorim et al, ; Gomes et al, ). The abundance of monoterpenes with limonene as the major component of Citrus oils has also been reported for samples from other countries, such as C. aurantiifolia in Vietnam (Dang et al, ), Cameroon (Tchameni et al, ), India (Fagodia, Singh, Batish, & Kohli, ) and Australia (Mirzaei‐Najafgholi, Tarighi, Golmohammadi, & Taheri, ); C. limon in India (Jain & Sharma, ) and Iran (Ghoorchibeigi et al, ); and C. reticulate in Vietnam (Dang et al, ), China (Tao, Jia, & Zhou, ), Pakistan (Zia et al, ), Nigeria (Ayoola et al, ) and Egypt (Hamdan, Mohamed, & El‐Shazly, ).…”

“…On the other hand, the yields in the present study for the mandarin/tangerine oils (C. reticulate and C. reticulata × C. sinensis) were higher than those reported for samples collected in Faisalabad, Pakistan, bySadaf, Shahid, and Iqbal (2009), who attributed the lower yield (0.18 ± 0.03%) to the ripeness of the fruit. Gomes et al (2014) reported higher yields that those found in the present study for C. aurantiifolia and C. limon grown in Lavras, Brazil, whereas Ghoorchibeigi, Larijani, Azar, Zare, and Mehregan, (2017) and Tchameni, Mbiakeu, Sameza, Jazet, and Tchoumbougnang (2018) reported lower yields than those found in the present investigation for samples of C. aurantiifolia and C. limon collected in Iran and Cameroon, respectively.The high quantity of monoterpenes followed by sesquiterpenes in the present study, with limonene as the major constituent of the C. reticulate, C. reticulata × C. sinensis, C. aurantiifolia and C. limon oils, is in agreement with data published on samples collected in other locations of Brazil for oranges(Badawy, Taktak, & El-Aswad, 2017) and…”

“…It is important to point out that γ‐terpinene was not identified in any of the oils investigated in the present study. However, this monoterpene was the major constituent of the peel oil of the mandarin orange ( C. reticulata ) from elsewhere in Brazil (Badawy et al, ; Martins et al, ) as well as China (Tao et al, ) and Egypt (Mohamed & Abdelgaleil, ). γ‐Terpinene has also been found to be the major component of the peel oil of the key lime ( C. aurantiifolia ) from Italy (Costa et al, ), Egypt (Badawy & Abdelgaleil, ) and Brazil (Amorim et al, ) as well as the lemon ( C. limon ) from India (Jain & Sharma, ; Semwal, Semwal, Mishra, & Semwal, ), Iran (Ghoorchibeigi et al, ), Brazil (Amorim et al, ) and Algeria (Djenane, ).…”

“…Citrus reticulata is also reported to have action against pests of interest to human medicine (Badawy et al, 2017), agricultural activities and grain storage (Badawy et al, 2017;Mishra, Tripathi, & Tripathi, 2014), including the two-spotted spider mite (Choi, Lee, Park, & Ahn, 2004). Moreover, the EO from Citrus aurantiifolia has demonstrated action against the two-spotted spider mite in a previous study (Pavela, Stepanycheva, Shchenikova, Chermenskaya, & Petrova, 2016).…”

“…It is important to point out that γterpinene was not identified in any of the oils investigated in the present study. However, this monoterpene was the major constituent of the peel oil of the mandarin orange (C. reticulata) from elsewhere in Brazil (Badawy et al, 2017; as well as China (Tao et al, 2014) and Egypt (Mohamed & Abdelgaleil, 2008). γ-Terpinene has also been found to be the major component of the peel oil of the key lime (C. aurantiifolia)…”