Chemical Composition of the Tiger’s Milk Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, from Different Developmental Stages

Abstract

The chemical composition of the tiger's milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) from different developmental stages, i.e., the fruit body, sclerotium, and mycelium, was investigated for the first time. The fruit body and sclerotium of L. rhinocerotis were rich in carbohydrates and dietary fibers but low in fat. Protein levels in L. rhinocerotis were moderate, and all essential amino acids, except tryptophan, were present. The mycelium contained high levels of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, riboflavin, and niacin and appreciable amounts of essential fatty acids. The results indicated that the sclerotium of L. rhinocerotis that was used in ethnomedicine was not superior to the fruit body and mycelium with regard to the nutritional content and bioactive constituents. Our findings provide some insights into the selection of appropriate mushroom part(s) of L. rhinocerotis and proper cultivation techniques for the development of new nutraceuticals or dietary supplements.

Identification and in vitro Evaluation of Lipids from Sclerotia of Lignosus rhinocerotis for Antioxidant and Anti-neuroinflammatory Activities

“…These essential unsaturated fatty acids cannot be synthesised in mammalian tissue, therefore, must be obtained from the diet [23]. The identified major compound, linoleic acid, was not obtained in the findings of Lau et al [24]. However, in this study, only linoleic acid demonstrated antiinflammatory activity via reduction of nitric oxide production without exerting any cytotoxic effect on the cells.…”

The Potential of Mycelium and Culture Broth of Lignosus rhinocerotis as Substitutes for the Naturally Occurring Sclerotium with Regard to Antioxidant Capacity, Cytotoxic Effect, and Low-Molecular-Weight Chemical Constituents

“…It is also popularly referred to as the “tiger’s milk mushroom” (“ cendawan susu rimau ” in Malay) by the local and indigenous communities in Malaysia. Previous chemical investigations on L. rhinocerotis focused mainly on its proximate composition [1] and other nutritional attributes, such as fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and β-glucans [2] ; in particular, the physicochemical and functional properties of the sclerotial dietary fibres have been extensively investigated [3] . Among the bioactive components in L. rhinocerotis , the water-soluble, polysaccharide-protein complexes and β-glucans have been thoroughly studied for anti-tumour [4] and immunomodulatory effects [5] .…”

Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Lineages as In Vitro Models for Screening the Neuroprotective Properties of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden

“…Secondary metabolites isolated from extracts of other mushrooms have been reported to potentiate NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells, including cyathane diterpenoids isolated from methanolic extract of Sarcodon scabrosus and hericenones isolated from ethanolic extract of Hericium erinaceus [38,39]. Sclerotium of L. rhinocerus was reported to have high carbohydrate content including polysaccharides such asglucans, which are bioactive components with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities [40]. Furthermore, chromatographic analysis of L. rhinocerus aqueous sclerotial extracts and genome sequencing of L. rhinocerus sclerotium (cultivar TM02) demonstrated many bioactive secondary metabolites, such as triterpenes, terpenoids, phenolic, and alkaloids [9,41].…”