Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review

Batiha, Gaber El‐Saber; Beshbishy, Amany Magdy; Wasef, Lamiaa; Elewa, Yaser Hosny Ali; Al-Sagan, Ahmed A.; El‐Hack, Mohamed E. Abd; Taha, Ayman E.; Abd‐Elhakim, Yasmina M.; Devkota, Hari Prasad

doi:10.3390/nu12030872

Cited by 564 publications

(336 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…S-Methylcysteine (SMC) is a naturally active component of many Allium plants such as onion, garlic, and leek [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Previous studies investigated the anti-protozoal activity of garlic extracts and its phytochemicals against several protozoal diseases including cryptosporidiosis [ 44 ]. However, our study is considered the first to report the protective effects induced by s-Methylcysteine against the intestinal hepatic, splenic, and hepatic damage resulting from the infection by C. parvum .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GSH- and GSH-dependent enzyme, GPx, could be restored after SMC treatment in diabetic rats explaining the antioxidant property of SMC and its ability to conserve the cell components from free radical injuries [ 29 ]. Furthermore, The potential antioxidant effect of garlic extract was clarified in a previous report, that demonstrated an increase of SOD activity and other antioxidants due to the presence of different flavonoids and sulfur compounds as SMC in garlic that have high radical scavenging activities [ 44 ]. This effect may be correlated to the ability of SMC to inhibit NADPH oxidase pathway through down-regulation of p 47phox and gp 91phox expressions, which are components of the NADPH oxidase enzyme, subsequently depressing ROS production [ 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidiosis has been proposed to be one of the major causes of diarrhoeal disease in humans worldwide that possesses zoonotic concern. Thereby, this study investigated the potential effects of s-Methylcysteine (SMC) on the parasite in vivo followed by the measurement of cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and an investigation of the major histopathological changes. Sixty male Swiss albino mice weighing 20–25 g were allocated equally into five groups and orally administered saline only (control), SMC only (SMC50) (50 mg/kg b.w.), and 104Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts per mouse via an esophageal tube (C + ve untreated). The fourth and fifth groups (C + SMC25, C + SMC50) administrated 104C. parvum oocysts combined with SMC25 (low dose) and 50 (high dose) mg/kg b.w., respectively. At days 7 and 14 post-infection (PI), the feces was collected from each group in order to count C. parvum oocysts. After two weeks of treatment, the animals were euthanized and the serum was collected for biochemical analysis. Next, the intestinal, spleen, and liver sections were dissected for histopathological examination. The results revealed lower oocyst numbers in the C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 groups compared to the infected untreated group. Moreover, higher doses of SMC treatment significantly reduced the enteritis induced by C. parvum in a dose-dependent manner. The hepatic lesions were also mitigated as demonstrated in C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 groups unlike the infected group via lowering the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes and increasing albumin and globulin serum levels. SMC administration also reduced cytokines production (SAP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) mediated by Cryptosporidium infection in contrast to the infected untreated group. There were marked lymphoid depletion and amyloidosis observed in the infected untreated group, while the treated groups showed obvious increase in the lymphoid elements. Moreover, the scoring of intestinal parasites, hepatic, and splenic lesions in the SMC-treated groups exhibited significantly lower pathological lesions in different organs in a dose-dependent manner, compared to the infected untreated group. Our results also revealed a significant change in the malondialdehyde content with an elevation of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in the intestines collected from C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 mice relative to the untreated group. Taken together, our results indicated that SMC could be a promising effective compound for treating and declining C. parvum infestation via restoring structural alterations in different tissues, enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and suppressing the cytokines liberation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

et al. 2020

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“…Other related indications of garlic preparations (fresh, garlic powder) included diaphoretic, antiseptic, bacteriostatic, and antiviral effects. It is also used to treat chronic bronchitis and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (EMA, 2017b;El-Saber Batiha et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Allium Sativum L -Amaryllidaceae (Bulbs Powder)mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

et al. 2020

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Background: Current recommendations for the self-management of SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) include self-isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines. Aims: To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for "respiratory diseases" within the current frame of the COVID-19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment. Method: The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. Preclinical and clinical data on their efficacy and safety were collected from authoritative sources. The target population were adults with early and mild flu symptoms without underlying conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT-URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown. Results: A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID-19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest. On the same grounds, only ibuprofen resulted promising, but we could not find compelling evidence to endorse the use of paracetamol and/or codeine. Conclusions: Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical

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“…Garlic (Allium sativum) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that has been extensively used worldwide, especially in the Far East, for centuries, in many food dishes due to its appetising property, bitter taste and the flavour it gives to dishes. Despite the use of garlic being such a common practice, this particular plant is of great medical importance, as garlic has exhibited antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and even antitumor effects [36]. With more than 200 chemical substances, garlic has the ability to protect the human body from many illnesses.…”

Section: Antiviral Properties Of Herbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite researchers arguing in order for garlic to be effective, it should be consumed fresh; some research has proven that the effects of garlic are consistent when it is cooked, with oils even providing better protection against oxidative stress and infections [37]. A. sativum is rich in alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins and flavonoids such as quercetin, all of which are sulphur-containing phytoconstituents [36]. Very little work has been done to investigate the antiviral properties of A. sativum but the experiments that have been conducted have shown that A. sativum is effective against influenza B, herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, rhinovirus, HIV, HSV type 1 and 2 and viral pneumonia [38,39].…”

Section: Antiviral Properties Of Herbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Medicinal Herbs and Mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020

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The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, producing the disease COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus that targets mostly the human respiratory system and also other organs. SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans, however there have been previous outbreaks of different versions of the beta coronavirus including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV1) from 2002 to 2003 and the most recent Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in 2012. All of the above have been recognised as major pathogens that are a great threat to public health and global economies. Currently, no specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection has been identified; however, certain drugs have shown apparent efficacy in viral inhibition of the disease. Natural substances such as herbs and mushrooms have previously demonstrated both great antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, the possibilities of natural substances as effective treatments against COVID-19 may seem promising. One of the potential candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be Inonotus obliquus (IO), also known as chaga mushroom. IO commonly grows in Asia, Europe and North America and is widely used as a raw material in various medical conditions. In this review, we have evaluated the most effective herbs and mushrooms, in terms of the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects which have been assessed in laboratory conditions.

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Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review

Cited by 564 publications

References 116 publications

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

The Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Medicinal Herbs and Mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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