Chemical Constituents from Shoots of Hordeum vulgare Infested by the Aphid Schizaphis graminum

Abstract

Stress, pathogens or insects induce profound changes in the expression of the chemical constituents of plants. Some of these changes could be adaptations to the new conditions or the expression of new defensive characteristics. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effect of aphid infestation on the composition of endogenous compound, in barley leaves. Leaf waxes were obtained by washing with dichloromethane and remaining compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate and ethanol from homogenized leaves. The identification of compounds was done by combined capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Epicuticular compounds detected in barley after 6 days of aphid infestation were as follows (%): (1) 1-docosene (1.98), (2) 1-octadecene (2.07), (3) phytol (0.81). Epicuticular compounds in non-infested plants were (4) isophytol (0.83), (5) N-cyclohexyl-cyclohexanamine, (0.11) (6) 5-pentadecyl-1,3-benzenediol (2.10). In ethyl acetate extracts from infested plants the main compounds were: (1) (2.02), (7) 2,5-diethylpyrazine (0.61), (8) (5E)-eicosene (1.61), (9) (3E)-eicosene (1.93), (10) (9E)-eicosene (1.80). In non-infested plants the only detected compounds were (1) (1.02), (6) (1.91), and (7) (0.43). In methanol extracts from infested plants the following compounds were identified: (6) (2.15), (7) (0.21), (11) 2,2,6.6 tetramethyl- piperidine (0.12), (12) indole (1.01), (13) heptadecane (0.10), (14) methyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (0.21), (15) 2,5- dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.27) and (16) N-phenyl-2-naphthalenamine (0.29). In polar extracts from non-infested plants the most abundant compounds were (4) (1.40), (7) (0.18), (17) (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic methyl ester (1.01), (18) (9Z,15Z)- octadienoic methyl ester (2.01), and (19) hexadecanoic methyl ester (1.93). Compounds 4, 5 and 7 -1 9 are described for the first time in Hordeum vulgare.

Phytochemical analysis, GC-MS characterization and antioxidant activity of Hordeum vulgare seed extracts

“…Surprisingly the current study reports fatty acids and their esters as a major constituent that may be responsible for the antioxidant activity. Moreover, It is the first report that identified constituents such as Lup-20(29)-en-3-one, campesterol and squalene which were not previously reported [ 83 , 84 ].…”

Rapid Identification of Aphid Species by Headspace GC-MS and Discriminant Analysis

“…Saturated alkanes (C13-C28) were also reported in previous studies as aphid cuticular hydrocarbons) from A. craccivora [52], Brevicoryne brassicae, Hyalopterus pruni [53], and Aphis fabae [54]). Decane (detected in E. lanigerum and A. punicae), 9-eicosene, and 8-heptadecene (detected in E. lanigerum) were detected in the headspace hydrocarbons (Figure 2, Table S2) and were also found by Muñoz, Argandoña [55], Ahmed, Agarwal [56], by Pokharel, Zhong [57] in aphid-infested plants, and by Ali, Morgan [58] in Leptothorax ants. Among Me-Alk, dimethyl alkanes were detected in the headspace of crushed aphids (Figure 2, Table S2), i.e., 3,8-dimethyl undecane, 4,7-dimethyl undecane, 4,5-dimethyl, nonane, and 4,6-dimethyl dodecane.…”