Chemical Constituents of Salix babylonica L. and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Animal Bacteria

Abstract

The principle of animal wellbeing, which states that animals should be free from pain, injury, and disease, is difficult to maintain, because microorganisms are most frequently found to be resistant or multi-resistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants are an alternative for the treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to determine the antibacterial effect of Salix babylonica L. hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, and identify the compounds associated with the activity. The SBHE showed activity against the three strains, and was subjected to a bipartition, obtaining aqueous fraction (ASB) with moderate activity and organic fraction (ACSB) with good activity against the three strains. The chromatographic separation of ACSB, allowed us to obtain ten fractions (F1AC to F10AC), and only three showed activity (F7AC, F8AC and F10AC). In F7AC, five compounds were identified preliminary by GC-MS, in F8AC and F10AC were identified luteolin (1) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (2) by HPLC, respectively. The best antibacterial activity was obtained with F7AC (Listeria monocytogenes; MIC: 0.78 mg/mL, MBC: 0.78 mg/mL) and F8AC (Staphylococcus aureus; MIC: 0.39 mg/mL; MBC: 0.78 mg/mL). The results indicated that the compounds obtained from SBHE can be used as an alternative treatment against these microorganisms and, by this mechanism, contribute to animal and human health.

Antibacterial and Hemolytic Activity of Crotalus triseriatus and Crotalus ravus Venom

“…Nevertheless, antibacterial activity was not detected for E. coli and S. aureus. It was determined that the antibacterial response seen in treatments CT2 and CR3 were bactericidal, since the relation between MIC and MBC is less than 4, in accordance with González-Alamilla et al, in 2019 [18].…”

In Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Salix babylonica Extract against Bacteria that Affect Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oreochromis spp.

“…Furthermore, Rivero-Pérez et al [ 49 ] determined the partial chemical composition of S. babylonica hydroalcoholic extract, finding phenolic compounds, coumarins, lactans, sterols, triterpenes, flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, and floratanins, as well as linalol, thymol, and carvacrol, which were identified using gas chromatography. González-Alamilla et al reported that the organic fraction of S. babylonica hydroalcoholic extract [ 27 ] contains the secondary metabolites with the highest antibacterial activity and determined that two flavonoids (luteolin and luteolin glucoside) are responsible for this activity.…”

“…SbHE was prepared following the methodology described by González-Alamilla et al [ 27 ]. First, 1000 g of weeping willow leaves ( Salix babylonica ) were collected, washed, and dried in shade at room temperature.…”

“…The hot water infusion inhibited growth of these bacteria at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. González-Alamilla et al [ 27 ] evaluated the hydroalcoholic extract of S. babylonica against E. coli , Listeria monocytogenes, and S. aureus obtaining a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 25 mg/mL, respectively. In 2020 González-Alamilla et al evaluated the methanolic extract of S. babylonica against E. coli , Salmonella typhi , Salmonella choleraesuis , and P. aeruginosa and determined a MIC of 100 mg/mL; 25 mg/mL for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes and a MIC of 12.5 mg/mL over Bacillus subtillis [ 28 ].…”

Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens and the Effect of Dietary Polyphenols, with Special Reference to Willow (Salix spp.) Bark Supplements—A Review

“…Some authors [ 136 ] investigated the antibacterial effect of Salix babylonica L. hydroalcoholic extract against some pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes ). The authors showed antibacterial activity, mostly against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes .…”