Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)

McClintock, James B.; Vernon, Jeffrey

doi:10.1007/bf01316320

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, laboratory investigations have shown that many invertebrate larvae possess behavioral (Forward 1977, Morgan 1987, morphological (Pennington & Chia 1984, Morgan 1989, Morgan & Christy 1996, and/or chemi-cal (Lucas et al 1979. Young & Bingham 1987, McClintock & Vernon 1990, Lindquist et al 1992, Lindquist 1996, Lindquist & Hay 1996 traits that reduce their susceptibility to predators. Therefore, larvae of different invertebrates may differ dramatically in their vulnerabilities to predators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of invertebrate larvae to predators:how common are post-capture larval defenses?

Bullard¹,

Lindquist²,

Hay³

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Predation is bel~eved to be a major source of mortal~ty for larvae of benthlc Invertebrates, but the palatab~hty of larvae commonly found In the water column has rarely been assessed Larval palatability assays were conducted by collecting live invertebrate larvae from a temperate f~e l d slte and offerlng them to a suite of common predators (the flshes Lagodon rhomboides, Leiostomus xanthurus, and Monacanthus h~s p~d u s and the hard coral Ocul~na arbuscula) By crushing larvae that were rejected intact and re-offering them to pledators it was poss~ble to distinguish between defenses based on morpholog~cal and chemical character~stlcs of the larvae Add~tlonally, abundance data were collected for taxonomic groups of larvae at our samphng location The majonty of Invertebrate larvae were palatable to consumers Most predators readily consumed polychaete larvae barnacle naupln, blvalve veligers shnmp zoeae, crab megalopae, phoronld actlnotrochs, and hemlchordate tornana (which together accounted for 65 "L of meroplankton abundance) s u g g e s t~n g that these larvae lacked effective morpholog~cal or chem~cal defenses Agalnst at least 1 fish predator, a significant number of gastropod vel~gers, barnacle cypnds, crab Loeae, and stomatopod larvae (which accounted for 34 % of meroplankton abundance) appeared to be morphologically defended Larvae from these groups tended to b e rejected whole, but \yere consumed by flshes once they were crushed A significant number of nemertean pilidia asterold biplnnana and c n~d a n a n planulae (which accounted for only 0 2 % of meroplankton abundance) were rejected both whole and crushed suggest~ng that some species or indlvlduals withln these taxa may be chemcally defended Thus, the majonty of larvae from t h s assemblage of temperate meroplankton lacked physlcal or chemlcal defenses a g a~n s t potential predators (3 flshes and 1 cnidallan) Among the remalrung larvae, physical resistance to predators was much more common t h~i n chemical resistance

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of invertebrate larvae to predators:how common are post-capture larval defenses?

Bullard¹,

Lindquist²,

Hay³

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…In allopatric approaches, the predator has had no prior exposure to defensive chemicals of the prey over evolutionary time and would not have acquired resistance or learned aversion. 33 On the other hand, the sympatric approach evaluates whether chemical deterrents are effective against ecologically relevant predators. 34 The dual approach is best if possible, 35 and could test the magnitude of the defensive action of a particular extract or metabolite from a particular species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Chemical Defense and Chemical Diversity in the Exotic Bryozoan Amathia verticillata

Santos¹,

Clavico²,

Parra³

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The present investigation tests the effects against feeding by fishes of crude extracts obtained from eleven distinct populations of the bryozoan Amathia verticillata, an invasive species found globally in tropical to warm-temperate waters. Investigation of extracts from 11 populations of A. verticillata led to the identification and quantification of the known indole alkaloid 2,5,6-tribromo-N-methylgramine and isolation and identification of the new indole alkaloid, 2,6-dibromo-N-methylgramine. One extract of A. verticillata from Brazil significantly deterred feeding, while other extracts of A. verticillata from Florida significantly stimulated feeding by fishes, in field assays performed in Brazil. The same extracts of Florida samples showed variable effects on feeding, ranging from attraction to deterrence, in assays carried out in Florida. The absence of broad chemical defenses against feeding by fish suggests that the establishment of A. verticillata as an invasive species into new areas may be due to reasons other than defensive chemistry.

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“…The allocation of defensive chemistry within reproductive tissues has previously been observed in some asteroids and molluscs (Lucas et al, 1979;Pawlik et al, 1988;McClintock and Vernon, 1990;Avila and Paul, 1997). These defenses may reduce predation on the gametes after they have been deposited or released into the water column.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians: secondary metabolites or inorganic acids?

Pisut

Pawlik

2002

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

117

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Both secondary metabolites and inorganic acids have been hypothesized to protect adult ascidians from predation, raising the possibility of alternative defensive strategies in these sessile, soft-bodied, benthic invertebrates. The objective of this investigation was to determine if ascidian species from the Western Atlantic have these chemical defenses against fish predators, and if so, to determine their location within the body of the ascidian. The palatability of crude organic extracts of whole ascidians, as well as the dissected tunics, viscera, and gonads (when possible) were determined at natural volumetric concentrations using laboratory feeding assays with the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum. Acidified food pellets were also assayed to determine the effect of lowered pH on predation. Sixteen of the 17 species tested had deterrent organic extracts from some region of the body (Aplidium constellatum, Aplidium stellatum, Ascidia interrupta, Ascidia nigra, Botrylloides sp., Clavellina picta, Didemnum candidum, Didemnum vanderhosti, Diplosoma listerianum, Ecteinasci-dia turbinata, Eudistoma capsulatum, Eudistoma hepaticum, Rhopalaea abdominalis, Styela plicata, Symplegma rubra, and Trididemnum solidum). The location of the deterrent secondary metabolites was isolated in the gonad in all three solitary species, raising the possibility that these defenses are passed on to eggs or larvae. Nine ascidian species sequestered acid in their tunics (A. interrupta, A. nigra, A. stellatum, D. candidum, D. vanderhosti, E. capsulatum, E. hepaticum, R. abdominalis, and T. solidum) at levels that were effective in deterring fish predation (pH V 3.0). Only one species (Botrylloides nigrum) had neither chemical defense. Results of this study indicate that there is not a clear trade-off between the presence of secondary metabolites and inorganic acid defenses in ascidians, suggesting that 0022-0981/02/$ -see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 2 2 -0 9 8 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 2 3 -0

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Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Susceptibility of invertebrate larvae to predators:how common are post-capture larval defenses?

Susceptibility of invertebrate larvae to predators:how common are post-capture larval defenses?

Evaluation of Chemical Defense and Chemical Diversity in the Exotic Bryozoan Amathia verticillata

Anti-predatory chemical defenses of ascidians: secondary metabolites or inorganic acids?

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