Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests

Springthorpe, V S; Grenier, J.; Lloyd-Evans, N.; Sattar, Syed A.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400064433

Cited by 89 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The criterion normally set for virucidal efficacy is a 99.9% (3 log 10 ), 99.99% (4 log 10 ), or 99.999% (5 log 10 ) reduction in virus titer. A standard decrease of 3 log 10 was considered adequate (13,24,37).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Sensitivities of Noroviruses and Feline Calicivirus to Chemical Disinfection under Field-Like Conditions

Poschetto

Ike

Papp

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Noroviruses (NV), in the family Caliciviridae, are an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Measures for prevention and control of NV dissemination are therefore necessary to ensure public safety. The abilities of an organic acid (Venno Vet 1 Super), an aldehyde (Venno FF Super), a halogen compound (sodium hypochlorite solution), and a peroxide (Oxystrong FG) to inactivate feline calicivirus (FCV), a cultivable virus surrogate for NV, were studied. Molecular protocols were then used for the comparative evaluation of disinfectant efficacies against NV and FCV, which were tested by reproducing NV field conditions, using human fecal material as a protein load. Generally, disinfectant efficacy was strongly reduced by the organic impurities (feces) used during tests. All disinfectants, except the aldehyde, were effective on FCV, as measured by cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), with inactivation levels of >99.9%. The glutaraldehydebased compound failed to adequately inactivate FCV according to RT-PCR results, although the infectivity in cell culture was completely abolished. Similar inactivation levels were achieved with NV, but generally NV appeared more resistant than FCV, and consequently, the suitability of FCV as a model for NV should be considered with caution. In conclusion, according to RT-PCR results, 5% Venno Vet 1 Super, 1% Oxystrong FG, and not less than 2% Venno FF Super, with a contact time of 1 h, and 1% sodium hypochlorite, with 6,000 ppm of free chlorine and a contact time of 15 min, are required for safe disinfection when a calicivirus-related outbreak is suspected.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Sensitivities of Noroviruses and Feline Calicivirus to Chemical Disinfection under Field-Like Conditions

Poschetto

Ike

Papp

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Suspension tests provide a quick and convenient method for initial screening to establish the presence or absence of antiviral activity. Inanimate carrier tests are appropriate for evaluating surface disinfectants and form the basis for Environmental Protection Agency criteria for labeling compounds for environmental use (12,(20)(21)(22). Products intended for use as topical antiseptics or hand-washing agents should be evaluated on a skin surface (18,21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics

Woolwine

Gerberding

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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This study was designed to evaluate the independent effects of various test methods on the activities of antiviral chemical germicides. The activities of germicides against MS2 and 6 bacteriophages in a new porcine tissue carrier model were compared to those obtained by four other methods (suspension, glass carrier, tile carrier, and fingerpad tissue carrier tests). After a 1-min contact followed by neutralization (and elution off the carriers), the residual virus in the treated samples was quantified and the amount was compared with that in the saline controls. Antiviral activity was highly dependent on the test method for both viruses and was always greatest in suspension tests and lowest in tissue carrier tests. Results obtained for hydrophilic MS2 with the porcine tissue carrier were comparable to those from fingerpads, but lipophilic 6 was subject to spontaneous inactivation on human skin and proved unsuitable for fingerpad testing. These data indicate that the activities of germicides in tests with nonbiological substrates may overestimate antiviral antiseptic activity on skin surfaces. Products intended for use as antiviral antiseptics or hand-washing agents should be evaluated in a tissue carrier system. The porcine tissue carrier model provides a safe, inexpensive, accurate, and reproducible method for testing the activities of antiseptics.Evaluating the antiviral activities of topical antiseptics is a critical step toward preventing infections spread through or by the skin. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not achieved a consensus about the best methods for such evaluations, and standards for demonstrating antiseptic efficacy against viruses have not been promulgated. Data from test methods used to evaluate the activities of surface disinfectants are often cited as evidence supporting the efficacy of topical antiseptics (4). These methods do not model the complex organic milieu of skin, and their reliability in predicting antiviral antiseptic activity has been questioned (2,6,8,20).We have tested a new model of antiviral antisepsis that utilizes a tissue carrier but circumvents the biohazard exposure risk to human subjects. This model employs ex vivo pigskin, the animal tissue which closely resembles the structure and function of human skin (14), to evaluate antiseptic activity. To evaluate the utility of the porcine model, the effect of the carrier material on antiviral activity was assessed in suspension, glass slide, ceramic tile, and fingerpad carrier tests conducted in parallel with the porcine carrier test. Two bacteriophages, MS2 (a nonenveloped virus known to be relatively resistant to disinfection) (9) and 6 (an enveloped virus known to be more susceptible to common germicides) (23), were used as surrogates for human pathogens in these studies. MATERIALS AND METHODSTest organisms. Escherichia coli Hfr3000 (ATCC 15597) was maintained in MS medium (7) and used as the host for the MS2 bacteriophage (ATCC 15597-B1). A high-titer stock of MS2 bacteriophage was made by pipetting 5 ml of...

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“…Springthorpe et al (1986), using only the suspension test, examined the rotavirucidal potential of a wide range ofchemical disinfectants. However, this study is the only published report on the chemical disinfection of HRV-contaminated surfaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical disinfection of human rotavirus-contaminated inanimate surfaces

Lloyd-Evans

Springthorpe

Sattar

1986

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYFomites may play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections, and in view of this, 27 disinfectants were evaluated for their ability to inactivate human rotavirus (HRV) on contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces. Disks of stainless steel, glass and two types of plastics were contaminated with about 107 plaque-forming units of HRV suspended in faecal matter. The inoculum was allowed to dry and an equal volume of the product under test was applied to the contaminated surface. After contact for 1 min, the action of the disinfectant was stopped by dilution. Surviving infectious virus on the disks was determined by plaque assay in MA-104 cells. A product was considered to be effective if it could reduce the virus titre by at least 3 logl0. Only 33X3 0% (9/27) of the formulations tested proved to be effective. Further testing of the effective products, which included antiseptics, instrument soaks and hard-surface disinfectants, showed that all of them could, in fact, reduce the virus titre on contaminated surfaces by at least 6 log10. These findings show the relative resistance of HRV to a wide range of chemical disinfectants in common use, and also emphasize the need for a more thorough evaluation of the virucidal potential of formulations regularly employed in attempts to prevent and control outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhoea.

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Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests

Cited by 89 publications

References 33 publications

Comparison of the Sensitivities of Noroviruses and Feline Calicivirus to Chemical Disinfection under Field-Like Conditions

Comparison of the Sensitivities of Noroviruses and Feline Calicivirus to Chemical Disinfection under Field-Like Conditions

Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics

Chemical disinfection of human rotavirus-contaminated inanimate surfaces

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