Chemical element balances and identification of air pollution sources in Washington, D.C.

Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on the Road. II

“…Because the soil contribution was removed from the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel results (Gordon et al, 1975;Ondov, 1975;Kowalczyk et al, 1978;Ondov et al, 1981), the difference is not surprising in that case, but it is surprising that ratios of Al, K, and Ca to Pb are lower in the open-site Los Angeles experiments (Cahill and Feeney, 1973;Feeney et al, 1975;Dzubay et al, 1979) than in our work, and that Si/Pb is as high in our work as in the open. As already mentioned, much higher values than ours for Ca and Fe were observed in a 1975 field experiment (Courtney et al, 1978).…”

“…Using these data together with size distributions of the constituents and analysis of fuels, motor oils, and local soil, we endeavor to account for the identified constituents as to origin. We compare our results with some vehicle field experiments by other (Larsen and Konopinski, 1962;Larsen, 1966;Conlee et al, 1967;Cahill and Feeney, 1973;Gordon et al, 1973Gordon et al, , 1974Gordon et al, , 1975Feeney et a]., 1975;Ondov, 1975;Hollowell et al, 1976Hollowell et al, , 1977Giauque, 1977;Kowalczyk et al, 1978;Dzubay et al, 1979;Kowalczyk, 1979;Ondov et al, 1981;Kiyoura, 1980) authors; and we estimate the contribution of vehicle particulate emissions to atmospheric concentrations of various species. Studies on the organic particulate material will be presented in another paper.…”

“…Vehicle-particulate composition is for 1977 Tuscarora traffic overall (Table 2) and is plotted against composition of Tuscarora roadside soil ( 0 ) or, when necessary, against the average of all three Tuscarora soils (*) (see Table 6). Soil elements not measured at Tuscarora were estimated from Kowalczyk et al (1978). Thomae (1978), and Kowalczyk (l979), normalized to soil A1%3.73% (A) or, when necessary, from Mason ( 1966) ( V ).…”

“…C From Ondov et al (1981) when data are available there, otherwise from Gordon et al (1975), Ondov (1975, Kowalczyk et al (1978), and Kowalczyk (1979).…”

A Model Analysis of Metal Partitioning

“…These emissions are responsible for a significant fraction of the amount of such meials as antimony, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, selenium, vanadium and zinc found in the atmosphere. 1 Data from the Shirco incinerator studies 2 indicates that approximately 50 percent of the lead and 5 percent of the mercury originally present in the waste remains in the bottom ash after incineration. Billings et al s determined that only 1 percent of the mercury present in coal used at a large pulverized coal furnace remained in the bottom ash.…”