Chemical–environment interactions affecting the risk of impacts on aquatic organisms: A review with a Canadian perspective — interactions affecting exposure

Abstract

As a consequence of human activity, the variability and range of environmental conditions is increasing. We review how the interactions between toxic chemicals and environmental change may affect exposure of aquatic organisms to stressful conditions and therefore alter the risk of deleterious impacts. Even in the absence of new inputs of contaminants, changing environmental conditions alters the transport, transformation and distribution of contaminants and their bioavailability. Conversely, some toxic chemicals modify the exposure of aquatic species to other stressors by affecting species distribution, behaviour or habitat. Across Canada there are a number of specific examples where interactions between contaminants and environmental change are probably harming aquatic species. In the Arctic, change in foraging brought on by change in ice regime, is a plausible mechanism to explain the marked recent increase in mercury concentrations in Beaufort Sea beluga whales. On the Pacific coast, chemical exposure by itself or in combination with other environmental factors, is a leading suspect for altered migration timing of some salmon stocks in the Fraser River leading to massive prespawning mortality. In the North Atlantic, short-term exposure of Atlantic salmon to endocrine-disrupting substances in their freshwater natal environments later leads to detectable effects at the time of their migration to saltwater. In Alberta, biotic and abiotic characteristics of the habitat dramatically affect exposure pathways and the risk of toxic effects of selenium in early life stages of trout. A better understanding of the interactions between toxic chemicals and environmental factors is a fundamental requirement for efficient management and protection of aquatic ecosystems.Résumé : En conséquence des activités humaines, la variabilité et l'étendue des conditions environnementales augmentent. Cette revue traite des interactions entre les produits toxiques et les changements environnementaux pouvant affecter l'exposition des espèces aquatiques à des conditions stressantes et donc altérer le risque d'impacts délétères. Même en absence de nouveaux apports de contaminants, des conditions changeantes dans l'environnement altèrent le transport, la transformation et la distribution des contaminants et leur biodisponibilité. À l'inverse, certains produits toxiques modifient l'exposition des espèces aquatiques à d'autres agents stressants en affectant la distribution, le comportement ou l'habitat de ces espèces. D'un côté à l'autre du Canada, il y a plusieurs cas spécifiques où des interactions entre contaminants et changements environnementaux sont probablement préjudiciables aux espèces aquatiques. Dans l'Arctique, une altération de l'alimentation amenée par les changements dans le régime des glaces est un mécanisme plausible expliquant la hausse récente et marquée des concentrations de mercure dans les bélugas de la mer de Beaufort. Sur la côte Pacifique, une exposition à des produits chimiques seule ou en combinaison avec d'autres fac...

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