Chemical evaluation of defattedvernonia galamensis meal

Abstract

The defatted meal ofVernonia galamensis is rich in crude protein (43.76±0.17%) with methionine as the first limiting amino acid and lysine the second when calculated based on the FAO Provisional Scoring Pattern. The carbohydrate fraction (6.575) is rich in sucrose (2.36%), fructose (1.90%) and glucose (0.77%). Levels of the macrominerals, calcium (11.08 mg/g), potassium (14.18 mg/g) and magnesium (6.90 mg/g) not only meet nutritional requirements but are also higher than in contemporary oilseeds. The level of phosphorus is high (644 mg/g), perhaps accounting for the fairly high phytate (25.42±0.06 mg/g) content, although this value is slightly less than for American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) standard wheat bran (31.42±0.03 mg/g). Residual oil content of defatted meal was found to be approximately 0.5%, but could be higher depending on the method of extraction. Lipid analysis of the residual oils shows vernolic acid (76.06±1.80%) as the major component of the saponifiables (97.74±0.20%). C18∶2 (11.64±0.69%), C16∶0 (2.22±0.12%), C18∶0 (2.63±0.11%), C18∶1 (6.58±0.19%), and C20∶0 (trace) were all identified. Sterols constitute the major (94.65±0.08%) component of the unsaponifiables (2.06±0.16%) with β‐sitosterol (32%) and Δ5‐avenasterol (30%) being the major constituents. Cholesterol was fairly low (4.6%). Phytochemical screening for other possible toxicants did not reveal significant levels of antinutritional components.

Bioavailability to rats of iron from fortified grain amaranth flour

“…Neither mix was added to the amaranth flours. Fe levels were determined by atomic absorption (Ologunde et al, 1989), phytate by a modified ion-exchange method (Harland & Oberleas, 1986) and total tannins by spectroscopy (Price & Butler, 1977).…”

Synthesis and reactivity of antioxidants based on vernolic acid and 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid

“…Vernonia oil (1) used in this work was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor from ground seeds harvested in Kenya in 1996, which had been lipase inactivated 21) in an autoclave by heating at 90 8C for 1 h. Vernolic acid (2) was obtained by reacting vernonia oil with NaOH at room temperature and worked up according to Smith et al 22) while methyl vernolate 3 was prepared by refluxing vernonia oil in methanol, using sodium methoxide as a catalyst for the transesterification. 3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydoxyphenyl)propionic acid (4) was obtained from Irganox 1076 (5, Ciba-Geigy).…”

Centrapalus pauciflorus: Review of its Medicinal uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties

“…Based on literature records documenting medicinal uses and chemical properties of C. pauciflorus, some researchers have also investigated its nutritional (Table 2) and phytochemical properties (Table 3) aimed at providing an overview of the chemical composition of the species. Characterization of C. pauciflorus press cake revealed a wide variety of so-called classic nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fibres and minerals [20,31] as shown in Table 2, and, therefore, may serve as an animal feed [17,20,31]. In Table 2, a reference is also made to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) representing the average daily intake of essential nutrients that are sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of a health person.…”