Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) as a new method 
of signal obtainment in magnetic resonance molecular imaging 
in clinical and research practice

Pankowska, Anna; Kochalska, Katarzyna; Łazorczyk, Artur; Dyndor, Katarzyna; Kozioł, Paulina; Zieńczuk, Bartosz; Toborek, Michał; Pietura, Radosław

doi:10.5114/pjr.2019.84242

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Another relatively new tracer free MRI technique used for clinical setting is chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. The CEST MRI technique is based on the exchange of chemicals between solute and water protons 43 …”

Section: Optical Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancement of imaging strategies of the lymphatic system: Answer to the decades old questions

2022

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The role of the lymphatic system in maintaining tissue homeostasis and a number of different pathophysiological conditions has been well established. The complex and delicate structure of the lymphatics along with the limitations of conventional imaging techniques make lymphatic imaging particularly difficult. Thus, in-depth highresolution imaging of lymphatic system is key to understanding the progression of lymphatic diseases and cancer metastases and would greatly benefit clinical decisions.In recent years, the advancement of imaging technologies and development of new tracers suitable for clinical applications has enabled imaging of the lymphatic system in both clinical and pre-clinical settings. In this current review, we have highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of different modern techniques such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence optical imaging, that has significantly impacted research in this field and has led to in-depth insights into progression of pathological states. This review also highlights the use of current imaging technologies, and tracers specific for immune cell markers to identify and track the immune cells in the lymphatic system that would help understand disease progression and remission in immune therapy regimen.

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Section: Optical Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancement of imaging strategies of the lymphatic system: Answer to the decades old questions

2022

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“…Selective pre-saturation is carried out by applying saturation radio-frequency (RF) pulses to endogenous or exogenous specific substances, and the interexchange between saturated hydrogen protons and hydrogen protons in free water molecules causes the attenuation of free water signals ( van Zijl and Yadav, 2011 ; Zhou et al, 2019 ). The degree of water signal attenuation is proportional to the number of targeted compounds with exchangeable protons; therefore, CEST enables indirect measurement of tissue metabolites, as well as a reflection of the physical and chemical properties of tissues that affect the chemical exchange ( van Zijl and Yadav, 2011 ; Pankowska et al, 2019 ). Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MR imaging, as a kind of CEST technology targeting amide protons (resonating at 3.5 ppm downfield from water), has provided a tool for non-invasive detection of endogenous free proteins and polypeptide molecules in the cytoplasm, and hence, the indirect measurement of metabolic changes and pathophysiological information in living cells ( Zhou et al, 2013 ; Lin et al, 2018 ; Ishimatsu et al, 2019 ; Debnath et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Amide Proton Transfer Weighted Brain Tumor Imaging With Compressed SENSE: Effects of Different Acceleration Factors

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of compressed SENSE (CS) for 3D amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) brain tumor imaging with different acceleration factors (AFs), and the results were compared with those of conventional SENSE.MethodsApproximately 51 patients with brain tumor (22 males, 49.95 ± 10.52 years) with meningiomas (n = 16), metastases (n = 12), or gliomas (n = 23) were enrolled. All the patients received 3D APTw imaging scans on a 3.0 T scanner with acceleration by CS (AFs: CS2, CS3, CS4, and CS5) and SENSE (AF: S1.6). Two readers independently and subjectively evaluated the APTw images relative to image quality and measured confidence concerning image blur, distortion, motion, and ghosting artifacts, lesion recognition, and contour delineation with a 5-point Likert scale. Mean amide proton transfer (APT) values of brain tumors (APTtumor), the contralateral normal-appearing white matter (APTCNAWM), and the peritumoral edema area (if present, APTedema) and the tumor volume (VAPT) were measured for objective evaluation and determination of the optimal AF. The Ki67 labeling index was also measured by using standard immunohistochemical staining procedures in samples from patients with gliomas, and the correlation between tumor APT values and the Ki67 index was analyzed.ResultsThe image quality of AF = CS5 was significantly lower than that of other groups. VAPT showed significant differences among the six sequences in meningiomas (p = 0.048) and gliomas (p = 0.023). The pairwise comparison showed that the VAPT values of meningiomas measured from images by CS5 were significantly lower, and gliomas were significantly larger than those by SENSE1.6 and other CS accelerations, (p < 0.05). APTtumor (p = 0.191) showed no significant difference among the three types of tumors. The APTtumor values of gliomas measured by APTw images with the SENSE factor of 1.6 and the CS factor of 2, 3, and 4 (except for CS5) were all positively correlated with Ki67.ConclusionCompressed SENSE could be successfully extended to accelerated 3D APTw imaging of brain tumors without compromising image quality using the AF of 4.

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“…CEST-based data analysis strategies have been examined in previous studies, such as the calculation of symmetric magnetization transfer ratio ( MTRasym ) from a Z-spectrum [ 12 – 16 ]. A Z-spectrum is the plot of water MRI signals at varying saturation frequencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Peak Lorentzian CEST MRI for antiretroviral drug brain distribution

Liu

Gauthier

Gendelman

et al. 2022

NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Objectives Spatial–temporal biodistribution of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) can now be achieved using MRI by utilizing chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrasts. However, the presence of biomolecules in tissue limits the specificity of current CEST methods. To overcome this limitation, a Lorentzian line-shape fitting algorithm was developed that simultaneously fits CEST peaks of ARV protons on its Z-spectrum. Case presentation This algorithm was tested on the common first line ARV, lamivudine (3TC), that has two peaks resulting from amino (–NH2) and hydroxyl (–OH) protons in 3TC. The developed dual-peak Lorentzian function fitted these two peaks simultaneously, and used the ratio of –NH2 and –OH CEST contrasts as a constraint parameter to measure 3TC presence in brains of drug-treated mice. 3TC biodistribution calculated using the new algorithm was compared against actual drug levels measured using UPLC-MS/MS. In comparison to the method that employs the –NH2 CEST peak only, the dual-peak Lorentzian fitting algorithm showed stronger correlation with brain tissue 3TC levels, signifying estimation of actual drug levels. Conclusions We concluded that 3TC levels can be extracted from confounding CEST effects of tissue biomolecules resulting in improved specificity for drug mapping. This algorithm can be expanded to measure a variety of ARVs using CEST MRI.

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Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) as a new method of signal obtainment in magnetic resonance molecular imaging in clinical and research practice

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Recent advancement of imaging strategies of the lymphatic system: Answer to the decades old questions

Recent advancement of imaging strategies of the lymphatic system: Answer to the decades old questions

3D Amide Proton Transfer Weighted Brain Tumor Imaging With Compressed SENSE: Effects of Different Acceleration Factors

Dual-Peak Lorentzian CEST MRI for antiretroviral drug brain distribution

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