Chemical factors of the leaf surface involved in the morphogenesis of Blumeria graminis

Tsuba, M.; Katagiri, Chiaki; Takeuchi, Yuichi; Takada, Yasuhiro; Yamaoka, Naoto

doi:10.1006/pmpp.2002.0376

Cited by 68 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition to the lotus effect that promotes the washing of spores from the plant surface before germination, there are several indications that the epicuticular wax structures and composition are important in determining fungal pathogen development and, thus, pathogenicity. The C26 aldehyde n-hexacosanyl, a component of cuticular wax in many species of the Poaceae, can induce in vitro appressorium formation by the powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (Tsuba et al, 2002;Ringelmann et al, 2009;Hansjakob et al, 2010). This observation is further corroborated by studies of the maize mutant glossy1, which does not accumulate aldehydes in its wax complement.…”

Section: The Cuticle As a Barrier Against Pests And Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 77%

The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles

2013

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The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.

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Section: The Cuticle As a Barrier Against Pests And Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 77%

The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles

2013

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“…hexacosanol and hexacosanal) as clues for germination of Bgh conidiospores had already been suggested by Tsuba et al (2002). Zabka et al (2008) showed that glass slides covered with hexacosanal were effective in supporting germination of Bgh conidiospores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evolutionary Conserved Function of Barley and Arabidopsis 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASES in Providing Wax Signals for Germination of Powdery Mildew Fungi

Weidenbach¹,

Jansen

Franke

et al. 2014

Plant Physiology

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For plant pathogenic fungi, such as powdery mildews, that survive only on a limited number of host plant species, it is a matter of vital importance that their spores sense that they landed on the right spot to initiate germination as quickly as possible. We investigated a barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant with reduced epicuticular leaf waxes on which spores of adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi showed reduced germination. The barley gene responsible for the mutant wax phenotype was cloned in a forward genetic screen and identified to encode a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (HvKCS6), a protein participating in fatty acid elongation and required for synthesis of epicuticular waxes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the mutant has significantly fewer aliphatic wax constituents with a chain length above C-24. Complementation of the mutant restored wild-type wax and overcame germination penalty, indicating that wax constituents less present on the mutant are a crucial clue for spore germination. Investigation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic plants with sense silencing of Arabidopsis REQUIRED FOR CUTICULAR WAX PRODUCTION1, the HvKCS6 ortholog, revealed the same germination phenotype against adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi. Our findings hint to an evolutionary conserved mechanism for sensing of plant surfaces among distantly related powdery mildews that is based on KCS6-derived wax components. Perception of such a signal must have been evolved before the monocot-dicot split took place approximately 150 million years ago.

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“…The germination-accelerating activity of apple wax might be due to an additional chemical stimulus. Chemical components of host cuticles have been found to affect germination and differentiation of several plant-pathogenic fungi (7,13,14,15). In the powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some signal transduction components, such as cAMP, Ras2, and Rac1, have been found to be involved in the germination process of these fungi, the regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood (1,9,10). After germination on appropriate surfaces such as host cuticles, germ tube elongation occurs until perception of physical and/or chemical stimuli by the germ tube tip, resulting in the cessation of germ tube elongation and appressorium formation (7,11,12,13,14,15). Appressoria, which are morphologically highly diverse in different plant pathogens, initiate the penetration into the plant tissue (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Profiling of Botrytis cinerea Conidial Germination Reveals Upregulation of Infection-Related Genes during the Prepenetration Stage

et al. 2013

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Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on a great number of host plants. Infection is initiated by airborne conidia that invade the host tissue, often by penetration of intact epidermal cells. To mimic the surface properties of natural plant surfaces, conidia were incubated on apple wax-coated surfaces, resulting in rapid germination and appressorium formation. Global changes in gene expression were analyzed by microarray hybridization between conidia incubated for 0 h (dormant), 1 h (pregermination), 2.5 h (postgermination), 4 h (appressoria), and 15 h (early mycelium). Considerable changes were observed, in particular between 0 h and 1 h. Genes induced during germination were enriched in those genes encoding secreted proteins, including lytic enzymes. Comparison of wild-type and a nonpathogenic MAP kinase mutant (bmp1) revealed marked differences in germination-related gene expression, in particular related to secretory proteins. Using promoter-GFP reporter strains, we detected a strictly germination-specific expression pattern of a putative chitin deacetylase gene (cda1). In contrast, a cutinase gene (cutB) was found to be expressed only in the presence of plant lipids, in a developmentally less stringent pattern. We also identified a coregulated gene cluster possibly involved in secondary metabolite synthesis which was found to be controlled by a transcription factor also encoded in this cluster. Our data demonstrate that early conidial development in B. cinerea is accompanied by rapid shifts in gene expression that prepare the fungus for germ tube outgrowth and host cell invasion.

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Chemical factors of the leaf surface involved in the morphogenesis of Blumeria graminis

Cited by 68 publications

References 21 publications

The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles

The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles

Evolutionary Conserved Function of Barley and Arabidopsis 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASES in Providing Wax Signals for Germination of Powdery Mildew Fungi

Transcriptome Profiling of Botrytis cinerea Conidial Germination Reveals Upregulation of Infection-Related Genes during the Prepenetration Stage

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