Chemical fingerprint and bioactivity evaluation of Globularia orientalis L. and Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C. A. Mey. using non‐targeted HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS approach

Abstract

Introduction In the quest for new sources of biologically‐active compounds, the chemical, and biological profiles of two Globularia species (G. trichosantha Fisch. & C. A. Mey and G. orientalis L.) were investigated. Methodology Chemical profiles were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS), as well as by their total phenolic, flavonoids, and phenolic acids contents. The antioxidant abilities of the investigated extracts were done using different assays including free radical scavenging [1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS)], reducing power (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating. Inhibitory potential against key enzymes involved in neurodegenerative diseases (cholinesterases; AChE, and BChE), diabetes (α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase), hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase) and obesity (pancreatic lipase) were evaluated. Results Globularia trichosantha and G. orientalis extracts showed remarkable antioxidant properties, with the water extracts being a better source of antioxidant compounds. Both species showed remarkable inhibitory effects against the target enzymes. However, for both species, only the acetyl acetate and methanolic extracts were potent against cholinesterases and lipase. Conclusion HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS analysis revealed the presence of 107 compounds from G. trichosantha and G. orientalis, among which, 43 compounds have been preliminarily characterised for the first time from the Globulariaceae family. To date, this study can be considered as the most comprehensive research focused on the characterisation of G. trichosantha and G. orientalis. Results amassed from this study tend to show that these plants represent a rich source of biologically active compounds which can be further explored and validated for their therapeutic potential.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of three Crataegus species (hawthorn) and their in vitro biological activities

“…Overall, the leaves extracts of C. orientalis (18.6–48.9 mg EDTAE g −1 ) obtained using the different extraction methods displayed the highest chelating activity (Table ). The presence of non‐phenolic chelators, including citric acid, polysaccharides, peptides, and proteins, in the aqueous extracts might be the reason for its the chelating activities …”

“…However, several of these drugs – for instance, α ‐glucosidase and α ‐amylase inhibitors used to treat diabetes mellitus, and cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitors used for managing Alzheimer's disease and hyperpigmentation respectively – have been found to pose side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and liver damage. There is, therefore, an urgent need to search for alternative inhibitors from natural sources with minimal or no side effects . Considering the aspects mentioned, the enzyme inhibitory properties of three Crataegus species toward cholinesterases, α ‐amylase, α ‐glucosidase, and tyrosinase were investigated, and the results are illustrated in Table .…”

“…The presence of non-phenolic chelators, including citric acid, polysaccharides, peptides, and proteins, in the aqueous extracts might be the reason for its the chelating activities. 40 Enzyme inhibitory properties Enzymes remain key targets for drug design, because inhibiting enzyme activity has immediate and defined effects. Despite the increase in the use of drugs for receptors to modulate signals from outside the cell, 47% of all current approved drugs inhibit enzyme targets to treat or delay the onset of these major health problems.…”

“…There is, therefore, an urgent need to search for alternative inhibitors from natural sources with minimal or no side effects. 40,[42][43][44] Considering the aspects mentioned, the enzyme inhibitory properties of three Crataegus species toward cholinesterases, ⊍-amylase, ⊍-glucosidase, and tyrosinase were investigated, and the results are illustrated in Table 4.…”

Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effect of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE)

“…Chemical fingerprint with HPLC, HPLC/MS and other analytical techniques with pattern recognition tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and others are commonly used for the evaluation of botanical extract. To get to a set of components that is biased towards describing variation related to a particular feature such as class, supervised methods of analysis such as orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (O-PLS-DA) are used [22][23][24].…”