Chemical Functionalization of Cellulosic Materials — Main Reactions and Applications in the Contaminants Removal of Aqueous Medium

Abstract

The cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world and presents a higher chemical variability for presence of several hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups allow surface modification of biomaterials, with insertion of several chemical groups which change cellulose characteristics. This natural biopolymer and its derivatives have been used a lot as adsorbent, from several contaminants of aqueous medium due to biocompatibility, chemical degradability, and variability. Therefore, this chapter has the objective to review the literature about several cellulose surfaces or cellulosic material incorporation of carboxymethyl, phosphorus, carboxyl, amines, and sulfur , presenting the main characteristics of reactions and showing its adsorption in application of aqueous medium metals, dyes, and drugs , locating the main interactions between biomaterial/contaminant.

Cellulose‐Based Materials for Water Purification

“…[11,61] Therefore, the surface modification of nanocellulosic material is required to introduce or increase a number of ionizable, ionic or complexing sites on which the metal ions can be adsorbed. [62][63] Cellulosic materials can be modified by different methods which include physical, chemical and bacterial modification. Among which the chemical modification is most significant mode with respect to its application in water remediation.…”

High-Solids, Solvent-Free Modification of Engineered Polysaccharides

“…In fact, since this type of polysaccharide has not been available in large quantities for industrial assessment, limited literature data regarding the chemical modification exists. Nevertheless, similar pathways to the modification of traditional extracted polysaccharides can be followed, e.g., esterification of cellulose with carboxylic acids or acylation with cyclic dianhydrides, since glucans constitute compounds of similar general structure [ 7 , 18 ].…”

“…Turning to the case of modifying natural polysaccharides, e.g., cellulose, by acylation with dianhydrides, a more direct reaction is anticipated due to the higher reactivity of these anhydrides, such as maleic, succinic and phthalic [ 7 , 18 ]. Here, the anhydride group reacts with the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide and is added on the polymer backbone (no byproduct involved), resulting in the formation of the polysaccharide ester (ring opening of the anhydride) [ 7 , 18 , 23 ]. In this reaction, the hydroxyl groups are substituted with carboxyl ones, offering additional options to adjust the hydrophilic character of the product.…”

“…In this reaction, the hydroxyl groups are substituted with carboxyl ones, offering additional options to adjust the hydrophilic character of the product. The reaction temperature is determined by the melting point of the used anhydride, and the anticipated reaction time required is expected to be short, e.g., 1 h [ 18 ]. Typically, this type of reaction is carried out in a solvent medium.…”

Composite Sorbents Based on Diatomite-Bentonite and Paper-Pulp for the Removal of Heavy Metals

“…These chemical modifications form covalent bonds through the interaction between modifying agents and the interactive center of the solid surface [14].…”