Chemical Kinetics and Reactive Species in Normal Saline Activated by a Surface Air Discharge

Abstract

Normal saline is a common biological solution which provides much better living environment for Staphylococcus aureus than deionized water, but the plasma‐activated normal saline is found to have a stronger bactericidal effect than the plasma‐activated deionized water. A model is developed for the explanation, from which various kinds of reactive chlorine/oxy‐chlorine species (RCS), such as HClO, are found to be generated in the plasma‐activated normal saline. The production pathways of RCS are elucidated, in which O3 plays as an important intermediate species. Compared to the plasma‐activated deionized water, the concentrations of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are lower, but the bactericidal effect is higher, implying that the RCS play a crucial role for the sterilization.

Systemic study on the safety of immuno-deficient nude mice treated by atmospheric plasma-activated water

“…In this study, we used surface air plasma to treat water and prepare the PAW. The characteristics of the plasma generation and electronic parameters were well illustrated in our previous works [29,30]. We also demonstrated that plasma could in PAW, the concentration of several major long-lived species were measured and analyzed [28][29][30].…”

“…The characteristics of the plasma generation and electronic parameters were well illustrated in our previous works [29,30]. We also demonstrated that plasma could in PAW, the concentration of several major long-lived species were measured and analyzed [28][29][30]. From the previous data we knew that PAW 2 min or 4 min treatment could efficiently reduce the bacteria viability [30] or cause Hacat cell apoptosis [28].…”

Gas Plasma Pre-treatment Increases Antibiotic Sensitivity and Persister Eradication in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Plasma-activated saline had the same effect upon the antibiotic sensitivity of MRSA and persister inactivation as direct plasma treatment, suggesting that the plasma-generated ROS and RNS could be applied in both gaseous or aqueous form depending on the mode of application. The short-lived species in the plasma-activated saline had short half-lives, but they could react and generate long-lived species, which also could generate to short-lived species reversibly, such as ONOO − generated from (Oehmigen et al, 2011 ; Liu et al, 2017 ). Plasma generated various ROS, which are involved in a great many chemical reactions (Oehmigen et al, 2011 ).…”

Antimicrobial Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Gas Plasma-Activated Catheter Lock Solution

“…For example, the MICs of H 2 O 2 and ONOO - are both 1 - 10 mM for E. coli (23, 24) and these are approximately 3 orders of magnitude above the peak concentrations of H 2 O 2 and spin-trap adducts of H 2 O 2 (10 μM) and ONOO - (7 μM) found in PAD (Figure 1). Figure 1 shows half-lives of 30 - 45 minutes for H 2 O 2 , NO 2 - and ONOO - as well as plasma-induced acidification (pH = 3) with which the main reactive chlorine species was hypochlorous acid (HOCl) below 100 nM in air plasma-activated saline of greater than 1 mm in thickness (25), 3 orders of magnitude below its MIC of approximately 12.5 μM against S. aureus (26). Peak concentrations of NO 2 - (30 μM) and NO 3 - (300 μM) were much lower than their MICs (>0.5 mM for NO 2 - and >10 mM for NO 3 - ) (27) and cytotoxicity dose (>18 mM for NO 3 - ) (28).…”