Chemical Marker for ALS-Inhibitor Herbicides:  2-Aminobutyric Acid Proportional in Sub-Lethal Applications

Loper, Bob R.; Cobb, William T.; Anderson, Kim A.

doi:10.1021/jf011416e

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For tests with L. gibba , extraction, purification and quantification procedures exist for polar and non-polar compounds (plastoquinone, ubiquinone, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) (Brain et al 2006) , and are based on protocols for algae (Schwender et al 1996) and seaweeds (Sánchez-Machado et al 2004) . Extraction and quantification methods also exist for metabolites that accumulate in the presence of ALS-(acetolactate synthase) inhibiting herbicides (2-aminobutyric acid) (Loper et al 2002) and glyphosate (shikimic acid), respectively (Harring et al 1998 ;Lydon and Duke 1988) . Published methods for the extraction and purification of enzymes (ALS and 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3phosphate (EPSP)-synthase) are also available (Ray 1984 ;Amrhein et al 1983) .…”

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although not empirically compared to a morphological parameter such as growth, Loper et al (2002) demonstrated the utility of 2-aminobutyric acid (2-aba) as an exclusive biomarker for ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Present at ppm (parts per million) concentrations in plant tissue, 2-aba is a precursor for branched chain amino acid synthesis utilized by ALS, and is therefore a useful marker.…”

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Present at ppm (parts per million) concentrations in plant tissue, 2-aba is a precursor for branched chain amino acid synthesis utilized by ALS, and is therefore a useful marker. Analytically, macro-changes in 2-aba content are easy to detect (i.e., 1 µg/g control vs 5-15 µg/g treated) compared to analyzing matrix (water) herbicide concentrations (Loper et al 2002) . Furthermore, the use of a single chemical marker method, specific to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, is simpler and less expensive (Loper et al 2002) .…”

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytically, macro-changes in 2-aba content are easy to detect (i.e., 1 µg/g control vs 5-15 µg/g treated) compared to analyzing matrix (water) herbicide concentrations (Loper et al 2002) . Furthermore, the use of a single chemical marker method, specific to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, is simpler and less expensive (Loper et al 2002) . Amounts of 2-aba, up to 6 times that of controls, were detected for several sulfonylurea and imidazole herbicides, and therefore constituted a highly sensitive marker method .…”

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

Brain

Cedergreen

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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This review emphasizes the predictive ability, sensitivity and specificity of aquatic plant biomarkers as biomonitoring agents of exposure and effect. Biomarkers of exposure are those that provide functional measures of exposure that are characterized at a sub-organism level. Biomarkers of effect require causal linkages between the biomarker and effects, measured at higher levels of biological organization. With the exception of pathway specific metabolites, the biomarkers assessed in this review show variable sensitivity and predictive ability that is often confounded by variations in growth conditions, rendering them unsuitable as stand alone indicators of environmental stress. The use of gene expression for detecting pollution has been, and remains immature; this immaturity derives from inadequate knowledge on predictive ability, sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the ability to the detect mode of action of unknown toxicants using gene expression is not as clear-cut as initially hypothesized. The principal patterns in gene expression is not as clear-cut as initially hypothesized. The principal patterns in gene expression are generally derived from stress induced genes, rather than on ones that respond to substances with known modes of action (Baerson et al. 2005). Future developments in multivariate statistics and chemometric methods that enhance pattern analyses in ways that could produce a "fingerprint", may improve methods for discovering modes of action of unknown toxicants. Pathway specific metabolites are unambiguous, sensitive, correlate well to growth effects, and are relatively unaffected by growth conditions. These traits make them excellent biomarkers under both field and laboratory conditions. Changes in metabolites precede visible growth effects; therefore, measuring changes in metabolite concentrations (Harring et al. 1998; Shaner et al. 2005). The metabolic phase I enzymes (primarily associated with P-450 activity) are non-specific biomarkers, and few studies relate them to growth parameters. P-450 activity both increases and decreases in response to chemical stress, often confounding interpretation of experimental results. Alternatively, phase II metabolic enzymes (e.g., glutathione S-transferases; GST's) appear to be sensitive biomarkers of exposure, and potentially effect. Some GST's are affected by growth factors, but others may only be induced by xenobiotics. Measuring xenobiotic-induced GST's, or their gene expression patterns, are good candidates for future biomarkers of the cumulative load of chemical stress, both in the laboratory and under field conditions. Phytochelatins respond to some but not all metal ions, and may therefore be used as biomarkers of exposure to identify the presence and bioavailability of ions to which they respond. However, more data on their specificity to, and interactions with growth factors, in more species are needed. The flavenoids are only represented by one heavy metal exposure study; therefore their use as biomarkers is currently difficult to judge. S...

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Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

Brain

Cedergreen

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…The negative consequences of such ecological contamination have increased the demand for monitoring systems to ensure water quality. The systemic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (Figure 1) is widely used in a variety of agricultural and non-agricultural applications, and is typically monitored in environmental samples using HPLC methods, which require clean-up, although, a number of potential field analytical methods have been reported (Garimella et al 2000;Loper et al 2002). Currently, 2,4-D contamination of water is ruled out by HPLC analysis using standard methods (Anastassiades and Schwack 1998;Wells et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of anti-2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid monoclonal antibodies

Tanaka

Yan

Miura³

et al. 2003

Cytotechnology

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The ratios of hapten and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in an antigen conjugate were determined by matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were produced by fusing 2,4-D-BSA conjugate-immunized splenocytes with a HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line, P3-X63-Ag8-653. A substantial cross-reaction was observed for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP) when compared with that observed for 2,4-D. The full measurement range for this assay is 0.2-3 g ml À1 for 2,4-DP. On the other hand, the range for 2,4-D is between 1 and 20 g ml À1 .Abbreviations: ABTS -2,2 0 -azino-bis(3-etylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; BSAbovine serum albumin; 2,4-D -2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4-DP -2,4-dichlorophenol; ELISAenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MAb -monoclonal antibody; MALDI -matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; PBS -phosphate-buffered saline; TPBS -PBS containing 0.05% of Tween 20; SPBS -PBS containing 5% of skim milk

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Beta-aminobutyric acid priming of plant defense: the role of ABA and other hormones

Baccelli

Mauch‐Mani

2015

Plant Mol Biol

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Plants are exposed to recurring biotic and abiotic stresses that can, in extreme situations, lead to substantial yield losses. With the changing environment, the stress pressure is likely to increase and sustainable measures to alleviate the effect on our crops are sought. Priming plants for better stress resistance is one of the sustainable possibilities to reach this goal. Here, we report on the effects of beta-aminobutyric acid, a priming agent with an exceptionally wide range of action and describe its way of preparing plants to defend themselves against various attacks, among others through the modulation of their hormonal defense signaling, and highlight the special role of abscisic acid in this process.

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Chemical Marker for ALS-Inhibitor Herbicides: 2-Aminobutyric Acid Proportional in Sub-Lethal Applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

Preparation of anti-2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid monoclonal antibodies

Beta-aminobutyric acid priming of plant defense: the role of ABA and other hormones

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