Chemical Methods (Lipids)

Gilby, A.R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6076-9_6

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…These reviews have focused on 1) their occurrence, identification, function, and biosynthesis [l-81; 2) protection against desiccation [9-121; 3) effect on the absorption of agricultural chemicals [13]; 4) effect on the penetration of microorganisms [14,15]; 5) role as sex pheromones and mating stimulants and sex recognition chemicals [5,16]; 6) in thermoregulation [5]; 7) as attractants of parasites and predators [la; 8) in chemical mimicry [5]; 9) for protection [18]; 10) for storing honey and protecting immature stages 1191; and 11) as taxonomic indicators . Methods for the analysis of insect lipids have been reviewed by Jackson and Armold [23] and Gilby [24]. This review will be limited to describing the present state of knowledge with respect to the identification and metabolism of insect cuticular lipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids

Blomquist

Nelson²,

Renobales

1987

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

322

185

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The chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids are reviewed. The types of components present in cuticular extracts are described with special emphasis on the occurrence and identification of the di-and trimethylalkanes and the newly discovered tetramethylalkanes. The methods used in the extraction of cuticular components are discussed, including recommendations to standardize procedures. The structural elucidation of methylalkanes, particularly the mass spectral interpretation of multi-methylbranched alkanes, is reviewed. The biosynthesis of cuticular lipids is discussed with emphasis on the hydrocarbon components, describing elongation reactions and the origin of the methyl branches. The effects of environment and development on cuticular lipids are reviewed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids

Blomquist

Nelson²,

Renobales

1987

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

322

185

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“…Hydrocarbons, glycerides and sterol esters were removed from cuticle by stirring powdered cuticle in diethyl ether or chloroform for 2 h at room temperature. The remaining cuticle was then stirred as above in ethanol to extract phospholipids and fatty acids (Gilby, 1980), then washed in distilled water and dried. Chitin consisted of crab chitin (Sigma) which had been de-proteinated as described above for insect cuticle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial characterization of specific inducers of a cuticle-degrading protease from the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

Paterson

Charnley

et al. 1994

Microbiology

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The insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae produces several extracellular cuticle-degrading proteases and evidence is consistent with one of these, PR1, which is a chymoelastase, being a determinant of pathogenicity. We have shown previously that P R l production is regulated by both carbon catabolite and nitrogen metabolite repression and also by specific induction under derepressed conditions by insect cuticle. In the present work we have established that an enzymically released proteinaceous component(s) of insect cuticle is capable of inducing PR1 (based on appearance of extracellular activity). Cuticle of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria treated with KOH to remove protein failed to induce PR1 production, whereas cuticle treated with either chloroform or ether to remove lipids still induced PR1. Cuticle digested with either PR1 or the trypsin-like PR2 of M. anisopliae released peptides mainly in the range 150-2000 Da; addition of these peptides generated by PR1 or PR2 a t 3 pg alanine equivalents ml-1 induced PR1 production to a level similar (75 O/ O) to that obtained with untreated insect cuticle. Several amino acids and peptides which are abundant in insect cuticular protein (Ala, Gly, Ala-Ala, Ala-Ala-Ala, Ala-Pro and Pro-Ala) were tested at a range of concentrations and in restricted cultures for their ability to induce PR1. None induced the protease to the levels seen with cuticle or peptides enzymically released from cuticle, although some dimers and notably the monomers Ala and Gly gave 2-2.7-fold enhanced PR1 activity above derepressed basal levels (up to -57% of that achieved with induced synthesis on cuticle). There was evidence for more efficient uptake and/or catabolism by M. anisopliae of alanine di-and tripeptides than of monomer amino acids.

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Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydew-collecting ants: The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system

Liepert

Dettner

1993

J Chem Ecol

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The aphidiid waspLysiphlebus cardui parasitizes in ant-attendedAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis colonies without causing aggressive behavior in the antLasius niger. By contrast,Trioxys angelicae, another aphidiid parasitoid of aphids, is rapidly recognized and vigorously attacked by the ants.L. niger workers also responded differently to dead individuals ofL. cardui andT. angelicae. DeadL. cardui parasitoids were often ignored when encountered byL. niger, whereas deadT. angelicae individuals were immediately grasped by ants that discovered them. However, hexane-washed parasitoids caused a similar reaction pattern in the ants, in that both aphidiid species were tolerated in the aphid colony. Lure experiments demonstrated that chemical stimuli on the cuticle are major cues for the ants to distinguish between the parasitoids. The hexane extract ofL. cardui transferred to washed individuals ofT. angelicae resulted in ant responses characteristic towardsL. cardui, andL. niger workers displayed the typical removal pattern they normally showed towardsT. angelicae whenT. angelicae extract was applied toL. cardui individuals. Both parasitoid species treated with the hexane extract ofA. fabae cirsiiacanthoidis were similarily treated by the ants as were aphid control individuals. The suggestion that the aphidiid waspL. cardui uses chemical mimicry is discussed.

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Chemical Methods (Lipids)

Cited by 8 publications

References 59 publications

Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids

Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids

Partial characterization of specific inducers of a cuticle-degrading protease from the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydew-collecting ants: The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system

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