Chemical modification of group IV graphene analogs

Nakano, Hideyuki; Tetsuka, Hiroyuki; Spencer, Michelle J. S.; Morishita, Tetsuya

doi:10.1080/14686996.2017.1422224

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“… Carbonaceous materials of different dimensionalities. Reproduced from [ 24 ] with permission of Taylor & Francis. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene is a two-dimensional monolayer of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms bonded covalently in a hexagonal lattice. It is a basic building block for carbon materials of all other dimensionalities, including 0D Bucky ball and graphene quantum dot (GQD), 1D carbon nanotube, and 3D graphite ( Figure 1 ) [ 24 ]. Graphene was firstly isolated from graphite by Geim and Novoselov through mechanical cleavage using a scotch-tape to attach flakes of graphene layers [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

Liao

Tjong

2018

IJMS

374

272

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Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide have been widely considered as promising candidates for industrial and biomedical applications due to their exceptionally high mechanical stiffness and strength, excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and good biocompatibility. In this article, we reviewed several techniques that are available for the synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials, and discussed the biocompatibility and toxicity of such nanomaterials upon exposure to mammalian cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Various synthesis strategies have been developed for their fabrication, generating graphene nanomaterials with different chemical and physical properties. As such, their interactions with cells and organs are altered accordingly. Conflicting results relating biocompatibility and cytotoxicity induced by graphene nanomaterials have been reported in the literature. In particular, graphene nanomaterials that are used for in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models may contain toxic chemical residuals, thereby interfering graphene-cell interactions and complicating interpretation of experimental results. Synthesized techniques, such as liquid phase exfoliation and wet chemical oxidation, often required toxic organic solvents, surfactants, strong acids, and oxidants for exfoliating graphite flakes. Those organic molecules and inorganic impurities that are retained in final graphene products can interact with biological cells and tissues, inducing toxicity or causing cell death eventually. The residual contaminants can cause a higher risk of graphene-induced toxicity in biological cells. This adverse effect may be partly responsible for the discrepancies between various studies in the literature.

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“… Carbonaceous materials of different dimensionalities. Reproduced from [ 24 ] with permission of Taylor & Francis. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

Liao

Tjong

2018

IJMS

374

272

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“…To data, computational researchers suggested that silicon atoms may form graphene‐like sheets, e.g., in silicene with sp 2 hybridized silicon ( Figure a) and in silicane with sp 3 hybridized silicon, forming a σ‐conjugated network (e.g., hydrogen‐terminated silicane shown in Figure b), unlike the conventional diamond structured silicon. On the other hand, many experimental scientists have attempted to synthesize these predicted 2D silicon materials, and various prototype applications have been demonstrated, including optoelectronic devices, catalysts, and energy storage devices …”

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confidence: 99%

Silicanes Modified by Conjugated Substituents for Optoelectronic Devices

Nakano

Tanaka

Yamamoto

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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forming a σ-conjugated network (e.g., hydrogen-terminated silicane shown in Figure 1b), [12] unlike the conventional diamond structured silicon. On the other hand, many experimental scientists have attempted to synthesize these predicted 2D silicon materials, and various prototype applications have been demonstrated, including optoelectronic devices, catalysts, and energy storage devices. [13] Regarding carrier mobilities, silicene features a linear Fermi-Dirac dispersion from the half-filled p z orbitals, and the energy dispersion is similar to group IV graphene analogs (graphene, germanene, and stanene). Consequently, these carriers behave as if they have no effective mass, and in graphene, this can lead to high field effect mobility. We recently reported the Fermi velocity of electrons at the Dirac point of calcium intercalated silicene (CaSi 2 ) as 1 × 10 5 m s −1 , although it is one order smaller than that of graphene and graphite (1-2 × 10 6 m s −1 ). [14] Considering these features, silicene is predicted to exhibit extremely high electron mobility and appropriate band-gap energy [15] ; however, its surface is extremely reactive under ambient conditions. Thus, silicene has only been observed experimentally under high vacuum conditions. [1] Recently, Tao et al. fabricated a silicene transistor, although the device performance was moderate. [16] Meanwhile, some organo-modified silicanes (OMSs) were derived from layered polysilane (SiH) n . For instance, (SiH) n modification via nucleophilic substitution with phenylmagnesium bromide, [17] hydrosilylation with olefins, [18,19] dehydrogenation coupled with primary amines, [20,21] and alcohols [22] was reported. We recently reported OMSs containing arylmethylamine derivatives; interestingly, their optical properties were significantly influenced by the aromatic units. [23] The silicanes were kinetically stabilized against hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture and air oxidation by the organic substituents. Specifically, the OMSs were more stable than silicene under ambient conditions. Organic substituents also improve the solubility and dispersibility in organic solvents. Moreover, amine, hexyl, and phenyl modified OMSs were calculated to have direct band gaps of 1.7, 1.66, and 1.92 eV, respectively. [24,25] Based on these properties (e.g., optical properties, stability, solubility, and band gaps), as new materials, OMSs overcome issues Silicanes are predicted to be a candidate for next-generation (opto-)electronics nanomaterials. However, their low carrier or hole densities hinder their practical use in electronic materials. If conjugated substituents (e.g., electron donators or electron acceptors) could be attached to the surfaces of silicanes, these would be effective channel materials for phototransistors and exhibit the corresponding characteristic optoelectronic properties. Herein, the synthesis of silicanes modified by conjugated substituents is reported, and the performances of organo-modified silicanes/graphene hybrid phototransistors are also evaluated. Th...

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“…121 Moreover, chemically modified 2D materials from group IVA and VA can have improved stability and tailored properties. 34,122 While top-down processes are time saving and costeffective, the bottom-up approach has the advantages in scalable preparation and composition control. It should be noted that improving the existing synthesis methods of 2D Xene to obtain materials with controllable size, morphology and composition is still a research hotspot of 2D materials.…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoelectric effect and devices on IVA and VA Xenes

Zhu

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2021

InfoMat

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Emerging Xenes, mostly group IVA and VA elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials, have small and tunable band gaps between graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, giving versatile electrical properties. While their microelectronic or optoelectronic properties are being extensively explored, there remains a lack of study on Xenes' uniquely advantageous thermoelectric performance. This review highlights state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical progress in the thermoelectric effect and devices of IVA and VA Xenes. Vertically displaced, a.k.a. "buckled" or "puckered," atomic arrays result in exotic and tunable electrical or thermal transport behaviors. Different from chemical doping strategies usually employed in bulk thermoelectric materials, 2D Xenes can be tuned by physical means, such as atomic layer control and quantum confinement effects. A precise and compatible platform for 2D thermoelectric effect and devices study is available via the engagement between micro/nanofabrication of 2D Xene transistors and thermal property measurement techniques. This review also reveals potential thermoelectric applications of Xenes and their compounds (Bi 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 Se 3 , etc.), such as accurate stretchable temperature sensors, fast terahertz photodetectors, and so on.

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Chemical modification of group IV graphene analogs

Cited by 36 publications

References 162 publications

Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

Silicanes Modified by Conjugated Substituents for Optoelectronic Devices

Thermoelectric effect and devices on IVA and VA Xenes

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