Chemical Modification of Natural Rubber as a Route to Renewable Resource Elastomers

Gelling, I. R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2205-4_21

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Tables 4 and 5 summarise the processing cure characteristics at different filler loadings for both fillers (CSS and CB (N330). They showed interestingly fast curing when compared to other similar works (Imanah et al, 2004;Gelling, 1985;Iyasele 2004). This result has been attributed to the accelerator used.…”

Section: Osabohein E; Egboh S H Omentioning

confidence: 53%

Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with the Seed Shells of Cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum)

Osabohien¹,

Egboh²

2010

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

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ABSTRACT:The cure characteristics and the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber, standard Nigerian rubber, SNR10 filled with cherry seed shell (CSS) and standard carbon black CB (N330) were determined. The results showed that the scorch, cure times and the maximum torque gradually increased with increasing filler content for CSS-filled natural rubber, but in the case of CB-filled natural rubber, the scorch and the cure times decreased while the maximum torque increased with increasing filler content. The tensile strength of both CSS and CB-filled vulcanizates increased to a maximum at 40 phr filler content before declining. The moduli (M100 and M300), specific gravity (S.G), hardness and abrasion resistance increased while the elongation at break and Dunlop resilience decreased with increasing filler content for both vulcanizates. The locally sourced CSS filler, had a lower reinforcement properties compared to the CB (N330) filler, probably due to its higher moisture content and larger particle size. @JASEM Raw dry rubber is seldom, if ever used in its original state for any engineering application. Rubber manufacture involves the addition to rubber many ancillary materials called additives. This is to allow the rubber compounds to be satisfactorily processed and when vulcanized improve the application properties of the rubber articles. Additives in rubber include; vulcanizing agents, accelerators, activators/retarders, antidegradents, fillers, plasticizers and other ancillary ingredients. One of the most important additives and second largest following the base polymer in rubber compounding is the filler. Fillers improve processability, physicomechanical properties such as tensile properties, hardness, flex fatigue, tear and abrasion resistances, and may cheapen the final product. They achieve performance enhancement by forming strong chemical bonds with the rubber, that is, strong fillerelastomer interactions. The fillers used in rubber compounding can be classified into reinforcing and non-reinforcing types. A reinforcing filler is one which increases the tensile strength, hardness and abrasion resistance of the rubber article. The finer the particle size the more reinforcing a filler is. Examples of reinforcing filler include; carbon black and silica. Non-reinforcing fillers cause reduction in strength properties but may increase hardness and modulus of the rubber product. They are usually applied as diluents or extenders to generally reduce cost, examples include the whitings (CaCO 3 ) and china clay (Blow et al, 1982;Bello, 2001;Whelan et al, 1979).Carbon black is presently the most commonly used filler in the rubber industry, but it's petroleum derived and expensive commercially. Locally available materials such as limestones, eggshells, corn cobs, groundnut shells, rubber seed shells, rice husk, cocoa pod husk and Cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum) are amongst the underutilized renewable resources in our society today which can be used directly or converted by simple processes to valuable materials...

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Section: Osabohein E; Egboh S H Omentioning

confidence: 53%

Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with the Seed Shells of Cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum)

Osabohien¹,

Egboh²

2010

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

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“…The oil absorption is a measure of the aggregate structure of the filler, the results obtained predicted similar aggregate structures for both fillers, RE and carbon black (N330). RE filler has higher silica content (Table II), and silica itself has been known to be a good reinforcing filler as demonstrated by Ishak and Baker and Gelling 6, 25…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

An investigation on the reinforcing potential of red earth as filler for natural rubber compounds

Osabohien¹,

Egboh²

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Locally sourced red earth (RE) was air-dried, pulverized, and screened with a sieve of mesh size 75 nm. It was characterized in terms of its moisture content, loss on ignition, silica content, iodine adsorption number, oil absorption, pH, and metal oxide compositions. Natural rubber, standard Nigerian rubber used for this work was first characterized in terms of its dirt, ash and nitrogen contents, volatile matter, plasticity retention index, and Mooney viscosity. The RE was applied as filler wholly and in blends with standard carbon black, CB (N330) filler in the natural rubber compounding using efficient vulcanization system. The cure and the physicomechanical properties of the compounds and vulcanizates were, respectively, measured as function of filler loading. The results were compared with those of the standard carbon black (N330)-filled natural rubber. It was found, that the RE-filled natural rubber showed substantial reinforcement of the rubber, though inferior to carbon black (N330) filled vulcanizates, the tensile strength of the carbon black-filled vulcanizates is about one half times that of the RE-filled vulcanizates. The tensile properties of the RE-filled vulcanizates improved markedly by blending the RE-filler with the carbon black (N330).

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“… 1 H NMR spectra of (a) MR 4 , (b) MR 6 , (c) MR 10 , (d) MR, and (e) MR. The chain length and functionality effects of cross-linkers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, the T m of MR 10 was 115 °C, which was much lower than that of MA (168 °C). What is more, both MR 3 and MR 4 appeared to be liquid at room temperature.…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of Mr Ymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In 2021, global rubber consumption has exceeded 29.9 million tonnes, of which NR accounts for 47% . The epoxidized NR (ENR) as a chemically modified product of NR can be facilely and efficiently prepared by in situ epoxidation of NR latex . Due to the introduction of epoxide groups onto the rubber chains, ENR exhibits good oil resistance, low gas permeability, and improved wet grip and rolling resistance. − Meanwhile, ENR retains most of the advantages of NR, especially strain-induced crystallization (SIC) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green and Catalyst-Free Cross-Linking of Bio-Based Elastomers toward Robust, Reprocessable Abilities and Improved Thermal Aging Resistance Enabled by β-Hydroxyl Esters

Song

Wang

Xing

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The bio-based epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is considered a promising platform to design and fabricate sustainable and high-performance rubber materials. The epoxide sites in the ENR chains contribute to designing a green cross-linking strategy to reduce the release of toxic volatile organic compounds and achieve the recycling of end-of-life rubbers. However, it is still challenging to achieve a catalyst-free and effective cross-linking strategy and obtain a cross-linked ENR with mechanically robust properties. Herein, a series of carboxylic acids with different chain lengths and degrees of functionality were synthesized through the catalyst-free and solvent-free alcoholysis of maleic anhydride and served as cross-linkers for ENR. We demonstrated that the increased chain lengths and degrees of functionality of carboxylic acids were conducive to increasing the rate and efficiency of the epoxy–acid cross-linking reaction and improving the mechanical properties of ENR compared with those of commercial maleic acid. Hence, ENR could be facilely and effectively cross-linked by the modified carboxylic acids without additional additives, producing β-hydroxy ester linkages. The mechanical properties of ENR/carbon black composites could be facilely adjusted via changing the structure and content of the cross-linkers. Due to the introduction of the exchangeable β-hydroxy ester linkages, the covalently cross-linked networks could be able to achieve topological rearrangements via transesterifications, thus conferring the cross-linked ENR with good reprocessability. Moreover, the carboxylic acid-cured ENR showed the improved thermal-oxidative aging resistance compared to sulfur-curd one because the formed ester cross-links are thermally stable. This work provides a catalyst-free, efficient and green cross-linking strategy for the epoxidized elastomer, which could open a broad application scenario in vitrimer-like rubbers.

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Chemical Modification of Natural Rubber as a Route to Renewable Resource Elastomers

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with the Seed Shells of Cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum)

Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with the Seed Shells of Cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum)

An investigation on the reinforcing potential of red earth as filler for natural rubber compounds

Green and Catalyst-Free Cross-Linking of Bio-Based Elastomers toward Robust, Reprocessable Abilities and Improved Thermal Aging Resistance Enabled by β-Hydroxyl Esters

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