Chemical modification of secondary xylem under tensile stress in the stem of<i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>

Moon, Daesung; Shin, Soo‐Jeong; Choi, Joon Weon; Park, Jong Sug; Kim, Wook; Kwon, Mi

doi:10.1080/21580103.2011.572612

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This result is in line with chemical data obtained by neutral sugar analysis of TW (Fujii et al 1982;Timell 1969) and recent transcript profiling data reporting decrease of carbon (C) flux to mannans in TW (Andersson-Gunnerås et al 2006). In contrast, Moon et al (2011) showed that GM content in TW is significantly higher at the early stage of TW formation than OW but became similar during the late stage of TW formation in yellow poplar, which does not form a G-layer in TW. Although the variation of GM content in TW between species and its relationship with TW formation are not clearly explained by Moon et al (2011), present work suggests that GM deposition in hardwood fiber cell walls is significantly affected by tension stress.…”

Section: Gm and Xylan Distribution In Twsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, Moon et al (2011) showed that GM content in TW is significantly higher at the early stage of TW formation than OW but became similar during the late stage of TW formation in yellow poplar, which does not form a G-layer in TW. Although the variation of GM content in TW between species and its relationship with TW formation are not clearly explained by Moon et al (2011), present work suggests that GM deposition in hardwood fiber cell walls is significantly affected by tension stress. Unlike fibers, GM deposition in vessels was not changed in TW compared to those in NW and OW, indicating that the GM synthetic pathway in vessels may differ from that in fibers or may not be affected by tension stress.…”

Section: Gm and Xylan Distribution In Twmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Recent transcript profiling and gene expression data have also shown that the biosynthetic activities of mannans and xylans are decreased during TW formation (AnderssonGunnerås et al 2006;Decou et al 2009). In contrast, some reports have also indicated that TW contains more xylans (Aguayo et al 2010) and GMs (Moon et al 2011) than OW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem and their changes under tension stress

Kim

Daniel

2012

Planta

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Present work investigated glucomannan (GM) and xylan distribution in poplar xylem cells of normal- (NW), opposite- (OW) and tension wood (TW) with immunolocalization methods. GM labeling was mostly detected in the middle- and inner S(2) (+S(3)) layer of NW and OW fibers, while xylan labeling was observed in the whole secondary cell wall. GM labeling in vessels of NW and OW was much weaker than in fibers and mostly detected in the S(2) layer, whereas slightly stronger xylan labeling than fibers was detected in the whole secondary cell wall of vessels. Ray cells in NW and OW showed no GM labeling, but strong xylan labeling. These results indicate that GMs and xylans are spatially distributed in poplar xylem cells with different concentrations present in different cell types. Surprisingly, TW showed significant decrease of GM labeling in the normal secondary cell wall of gelatinous (G) fibers compared to NW and OW, while xylan labeling was almost identical indicating that the GM and xylan synthetic pathways in fibers have different reaction mechanisms against tension stress. Unlike fibers, no notable changes in GM labeling were detected in vessels of TW, suggesting that GM synthesis in vessels may not be affected by tension stress. GM and xylan was also detected in the G-layer with slightly stronger and much weaker labeling than the normal secondary cell wall of G-fibers. Differences in GM and xylan distribution are also discussed for the same functional cells found in hardwoods and softwoods.

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Section: Gm and Xylan Distribution In Twsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Gm and Xylan Distribution In Twmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem and their changes under tension stress

Kim

Daniel

2012

Planta

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“…Generally lignin content in compression wood in the different A. mangium trees was higher than in tension wood (Table 2). As the expression of major pathway genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis are highly coordinated and could be switched on and off [16], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], upregulation and downregulation of miRNA affects not only lignin content but also cellulose and/or hemicellulose levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of microRNAs Expressed during Secondary Wall Biosynthesis in Acacia mangium

Ong

Ratnam

2012

PLoS ONE

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical regulatory roles by acting as sequence specific guide during secondary wall formation in woody and non-woody species. Although thousands of plant miRNAs have been sequenced, there is no comprehensive view of miRNA mediated gene regulatory network to provide profound biological insights into the regulation of xylem development. Herein, we report the involvement of six highly conserved amg-miRNA families (amg-miR166, amg-miR172, amg-miR168, amg-miR159, amg-miR394, and amg-miR156) as the potential regulatory sequences of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Within this highly conserved amg-miRNA family, only amg-miR166 exhibited strong differences in expression between phloem and xylem tissue. The functional characterization of amg-miR166 targets in various tissues revealed three groups of HD-ZIP III: ATHB8, ATHB15, and REVOLUTA which play pivotal roles in xylem development. Although these three groups vary in their functions, -psRNA target analysis indicated that miRNA target sequences of the nine different members of HD-ZIP III are always conserved. We found that precursor structures of amg-miR166 undergo exhaustive sequence variation even within members of the same family. Gene expression analysis showed three key lignin pathway genes: C4H, CAD, and CCoAOMT were upregulated in compression wood where a cascade of miRNAs was downregulated. This study offers a comprehensive analysis on the involvement of highly conserved miRNAs implicated in the secondary wall formation of woody plants.

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“…Additionally, fiber cell walls in the tension wood are much thicker, with increased levels of carbohydrates in the cell wall. Previous chemical analyses of tension wood in the stems of 2-year-old yellow poplar with mechanical bending demonstrated that the cellulose contents were significantly higher in tension wood than in opposite wood at 7 and 14 days (Moon et al 2011). In addition, hemicellulose contents were also modified in the tension wood as compared to the opposite wood at 7 and 14 days of bent samples (Moon et al 2011).…”

Section: Genes For Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Modificationmentioning

confidence: 95%

EST analysis of functional genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification in the secondary xylem of the yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) stem during early stage of tension wood formation

Jin

Moon

et al. 2011

Planta

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A cDNA library was constructed from secondary xylem in the stem of a 2-year-old yellow poplar after being bent for 6 h with a 45° configuration to isolate genes related to cell wall modification during the early stages of tension wood formation. A total of 6,141 ESTs were sequenced to generate a database of 5,982 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs). These sequences were clustered into 1,733 unigenes, including 822 contigs and 911 singletons. Homologs of the genes regulate many aspects of secondary xylem development, including those for primary and secondary metabolism, plant growth hormones, transcription factors, cell wall biosynthesis and modification, and stress responses. Although there were only 1,733 annotated ESTs (28.9%), the annotated ESTs obtained in this study provided sequences for a broad array of transcripts expressed in the stem upon mechanical bending, and the majority of them were the first representatives of their respective gene families in Liriodendron tulipifera. In the case of lignin, xylem-specific COMTs were identified and their expressions were significantly downregulated in the tension wood-forming tissues. Additionally, the majority of the auxin- and BR-related genes were downregulated significantly in response to mechanical bending treatment. Despite the small number of ESTs sequenced in this study, many genes that are relevant to cell wall biosynthesis and modification have been isolated. Expression analysis of selected genes allow us to identify the regulatory genes that may perform essential functions during the early stages of tension wood formation and associated cell wall modification.

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Chemical modification of secondary xylem under tensile stress in the stem ofLiriodendron tulipifera

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem and their changes under tension stress

Distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem and their changes under tension stress

Characterization of microRNAs Expressed during Secondary Wall Biosynthesis in Acacia mangium

EST analysis of functional genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification in the secondary xylem of the yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) stem during early stage of tension wood formation

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