Chemical Orthogonality in Surface-Patterned Poly(ethylene glycol) Microgels

Abstract

Because of its widely known antifouling properties, a variety of lithographic approaches has been used to pattern surfaces with poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to control surface interactions with biomolecules and cells over micro- and nanolength scales. Often, however, particular applications need additional functions within PEG-patterned surfaces. Monofunctional films can be generated using PEG modified to include a chemically functional group. We show that patterning with focused electron beams, in addition to cross-linking a monofunctional PEG homopolymer thin-film precursor and grafting the resulting patterned microgels to an underlying substrate, induces additional chemical functionality by radiation chemistry along the polymer main chain and that this second functionality can be orthogonal to the initial one. Specifically, we explore the reactivity of biotin-terminated PEG (PEG-B) as a function of electron dose using 2 keV electrons. At low doses (∼4–10 μC/cm2), the patterned PEG-B microgels are reactive with streptavidin (SA). As dose increases, the SA reactivity decays as biotin is damaged by the incident electrons. Independently, amine reactivity appears at higher doses (∼150–500 μC/cm2). At both extremes, the patterned PEG microgels retain their ability to resist fibronectin adsorption. We confirm that the amine reactivity derives from the PEG main chain by demonstrating similar dose response in hydroxy-terminated PEG (PEG-OH), and we attribute this behavior to the formation of ketones, aldehydes, and/or carboxylic acids during and after electron-beam (e-beam) patterning. Based on relative fluorescent intensities, we estimate that the functional contrast between the differentially patterned areas is about a factor of six or more. This approach provides the ability to easily pattern biospecific functionality while preserving the ability to resist nonspecific adsorption at length scales relevant to controlling protein and cell interactions.

Piezo-Actuated One-Axis Vibrational Patterning for Mold-Free Continuous Fabrication of High-Precision Period-Programmable Micro- and Nanopatterns

“…Micro- and nanoscale (MN) patterned structures (MNPs) have spurred a myriad of innovative applications taking advantage of their mechanical, electrical, chemical, and photonic functionalities. − Fabrication of MNPs has been prevalently responded by such as optical lithography − and nanoimprint lithography (NIL), − yet it is often challenged by the increasing production need. As the desired shape, period, dimension, and area of MNPs are being diversified due to expanding target uses, the process complexity as well as total processing cost and time are prone to keep increasing.…”