Chemical perturbation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with the troposphere

Lelieveld, Jos; Bregman, B.; Arnold, Frank; Bürger, V.; Crutzen, Paul J.; Fischer, H.; Waibel, A.; Siegmund, P.; Velthoven, P. F. J. van

doi:10.1029/97gl00255

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A similar relationship between PV and O 3 was also found in other studies (e.g. Folkins and Appenzeller 1996;Lelieveld et al, 1997;Brunner et al, 2001). Thus, ozone data observed in the same flights can be used as a good indicator to distinguish the upper tropospheric and lowermost stratospheric air (e.g.…”

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confidence: 72%

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Aircraft Observation of CO2, CO2 O3 and H2 over the North Pacific during the PACE-7 Campaign

Sawa¹,

Matsueda²,

Makino

et al. 2004

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C T Aircraft observation under the Pacific Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (PACE) program was performed from February 13 to 21, 2000 to examine in detail the distributions of CO 2 in the free troposphere between 5 and 11 km. Continuous measurements of CO 2 mixing ratios were made using an on-board measuring system over the northern North Pacific between Nagoya, Japan and Anchorage, Alaska, and the western North Pacific between Nagoya and Saipan. Other trace gases, such as CO and O 3 , were also observed using continuous measuring systems at the same time. CO 2 over the northern Pacific (35 • N and higher) showed highly variable mixing ratios, ranging from 374 ppm in the upper troposphere to 366 ppm in the lowermost stratosphere. This highly variable distribution of CO 2 was quite similar to that of CO, but the relationship between CO 2 and O 3 showed a strong negative correlation. These results indicated that the exchange process between the stratosphere and the troposphere significantly influences the large CO 2 variation. On the other hand, the CO 2 over the western North Pacific to the south of Japan showed no significant variation in the upper troposphere at 11 km but a relatively larger variability at 5 km. The CO 2 enhancement at lower altitudes coincided with the CO elevation due to the intrusion of a polluted air mass. Trajectory analysis indicated that the Asian continental outflow perturbed the CO 2 distributions over the western Pacific. Very low mixing ratios of O 3 of less than 20 ppb were distributed in the latitude band of 15-30 • N at 11 km, reflecting the effects of transport from the equatorial region.

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confidence: 72%

“…4d). Although a main cause for such fine variability could not be defined in this study, similar small-scale (50-100 km) variability of trace gases appearing around the tropopause height was also reported by Lelieveld et al (1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Aircraft Observation of CO2, CO2 O3 and H2 over the North Pacific during the PACE-7 Campaign

Sawa¹,

Matsueda²,

Makino

et al. 2004

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…These data sets have been used in many studies of the tropopause region e.g. Lelieveld et al (1997), Bregmann et al (1997), Fischer et al (2000), Beuermann et al (2002) and Hoor et al (2002). The whole STREAM data set has been recompiled.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000

et al. 2011

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Abstract. In this paper we present evidence that the observed increase in tropical upwelling after the year 2000 may be attributed to a change in the Brewer-Dobson circulation pattern. For this purpose, we use the concept of transit times derived from residual circulation trajectories and different in-situ measurements of ozone and nitrous dioxide. Observations from the Canadian midlatitude ozone profile record, probability density functions of in-situ N 2 O observations and a shift of the N 2 O-O 3 correlation slopes, taken together, indicate that the increased upwelling in the tropics after the year 2000 appears to have triggered an intensification of tracer transport from the tropics into the extratropics in the lower stratosphere below about 500 K. This finding is corroborated by the fact that transit times along the shallow branch of the residual circulation into the LMS have decreased for the same time period (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003). On a longer time scale , the transit time of the shallow residual circulation branch show a steady decrease of about −1 month/decade over the last 30 yr, while the transit times of the deep branch remain unchanged. This highlights that changes in the upwelling across the tropical tropopause are not sufficient as an indicator for changes in the entire BrewerDobson circulation.

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“…A mixing zone in the tropopause region has been postulated, and the resulting chemical composition has been investigated in numerous studies (e.g. Danielsen, 1968;Shapiro, 1976Shapiro, , 1978Shapiro, , 1980Lelieveld et al, 1997;Hintsa et al, 1998;Zahn et al, 1999;Fischer et al, 2000;Hoor et al, 2002Hoor et al, , 2004Pan et al, 2004Pan et al, , 2007Brioude et al, 2006Brioude et al, , 2008Sprung and Zahn, 2010;Hegglin et al, 2009;Vogel et al, 2011). The development of aerosol layers -of volcanic origin, from biomass burning or from deserts -around the tropopause is discussed by Trickl et al (2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

How stratospheric are deep stratospheric intrusions?

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Preliminary attempts of quantifying the stratospheric ozone contribution in the observations at the Zugspitze summit (2962 m a.s.l.) next to GarmischPartenkirchen in the German Alps had yielded an approximate doubling of the stratospheric fraction of the Zugspitze ozone during the time period 1978 to 2004. These investigations had been based on data filtering by using low relative humidity (RH) and elevated 7 Be as the criteria for selecting half-hour intervals of ozone data representative of stratospheric intrusion air. To quantify the residual stratospheric component in stratospherically influenced air masses, however, the mixing of tropospheric air into the stratospheric intrusion layers must be taken into account. In fact, the dewpoint mirror instrument at the Zugspitze summit station rarely registers RH values lower than 10 % in stratospheric air intrusions. Since 2007 a programme of routine lidar sounding of ozone, water vapour and aerosol has been conducted in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen area. The lidar results demonstrate that the intrusion layers are drier by roughly one order of magnitude than indicated in the in situ measurements. Even in thin layers RH values clearly below 1 % have frequently been observed. These thin, undiluted layers present an important challenge for atmospheric modelling. Although the ozone values never reach values typical of the lower-stratosphere it becomes, thus, obvious that, without strong wind shear or convective processes, mixing of stratospheric and tropospheric air must be very slow in most of the free troposphere. As a consequence, the analysis the Zugspitze data can be assumed to be more reliable than anticipated. Finally, the concentrations of Zugspitze carbon monoxide rarely drop inside intrusion layers and normally stay clearly above full stratospheric values. This indicates that most of the CO, and thus the intrusion air mass, originates in the shallow "mixing layer" around the thermal tropopause. The CO mixing ratio in these descending layers between 1990 and 2004 exhibits a slightly positive trend indicating some Asian influence on the lowermost stratosphere in the high-latitude source region of most intrusions reaching the station.

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Chemical perturbation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with the troposphere

Cited by 63 publications

References 23 publications

Aircraft Observation of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> over the North Pacific during the PACE-7 Campaign

Aircraft Observation of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> over the North Pacific during the PACE-7 Campaign

On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000

How stratospheric are deep stratospheric intrusions?

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