Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Physical Agents Causing Hypomelanoses

Briganti, Stefania; Ottaviani, Monica; Picardo, Mauro; Jp, Lacour

doi:10.1002/9780470987100.ch35

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…For this paper, a literature and market study was conducted to identify the most commonly used bleaching agents. 225 package ingredient lists were screened for known skin whitening agents as documented in scientific publications . Sixty‐two were bleaching cosmetics available through the Internet, and 163 cosmetics were seized by the Belgian federal public service ‘Animal, Plant and Food Directorate‐General’ (DG4) and the Belgium Federal Agency for Medicinal and Health Products (FAMHP).…”

Section: Identification Of Common Whitening Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…225 package ingredient lists were screened for known skin whitening agents as documented in scientific publications. 12,13,[23][24][25][26][27][28] Sixty-two were bleaching cosmetics available through the Internet, and 163 cosmetics were seized by the Belgian federal public service 'Animal, Plant and Food Directorate-General' (DG4) and the Belgium Federal Agency for Medicinal and Health Products (FAMHP). Due to confidentiality of inspection data, no detailed information about the samples is available.…”

Section: Identification Of Common Whitening Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agents such as corticosteroids, hydroquinone, monobenzyl hydroquinone, tretinoin and mercury salts are highly potent in this regard. All of these agents, with exception of mercury, are frequently used by dermatologists to treat hyperpigmented lesions such as postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma and solar lentigines . Medical supervision is necessary because these ingredients may cause severe local side‐effects .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of these agents, with exception of mercury, are frequently used by dermatologists to treat hyperpigmented lesions such as postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma and solar lentigines. 12 Medical supervision is necessary because these ingredients may cause severe local side-effects. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Due to these risks, the agents have been banned by the EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009, which requires that all cosmetic products shall be safe for human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Desmedt

Courselle

Beer

et al. 2016

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Lightening skin tone is an ancient and well-documented practice, and remains common practice among many cultures. Whitening agents such as corticosteroids, tretinoin and hydroquinone are medically applied to effectively lighten the skin tone of hyperpigmented lesions. However, when these agents are used cosmetically, they are associated with a variety of side-effect. Alternative agents, such as arbutin and its derivatives kojic acid and nicotinamide have been subsequently developed for cosmetic purposes. Unfortunately, some cosmetics contain whitening agents that are banned for use in cosmetic products. This article provides an overview of the mode of action and potential side-effects of cosmetic legal and illegal whitening agents, and the pattern of use of these types of products. Finally, an EU analysis of the health problems due to the presence of illegal products on the market is summarized.

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Section: Identification Of Common Whitening Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification Of Common Whitening Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Desmedt

Courselle

Beer

et al. 2016

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…Skin‐bleaching causes are various and complicated and encompasses cultural, aesthetic, medical, socio‐economic such as political matters . No doubt, these products have also found their application to treat skin diseases like inflammatory hyperpigmentation and melasma . Whitening agents, including corticosteroids, hydroquinone and tretinoin may, however, provoke unwanted local effects (ochronosis, irritant dermatitis, leukoderma, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation) and systemic toxicity (kidney and liver problems).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of salicylic acid, arbutin and corticosteroids in skin whitening creams available in Pakistan using chromatographic techniques

Shams

Khan

Iqbal

2016

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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The method results in excellent separation of skin whitening agents in cosmetic creams. The method is specific for salicylic acid, arbutin, cortisone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate. The calibration curve of skin whitening agents was linear with the regression analysis showed r(2) ≥ 0.999. %RSD for inter- and intraday precision were determined as 0.461 and 0.329 for salicylic acid, 0.427 and 0.317 for arbutin, 0.360 and 0.346 for cortisone, 0.336 and 0.350 for hydrocortisone, 0.463 and 0.339 for betamethasone valerate and 0.385 and 0.372 for betamethasone dipropionate, respectively. LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.48 and 1.20 μg mL(-1) for salicylic acid, 0.09 and 0.22 μg mL(-1) for arbutin, 0.07 and 0.18 μg mL(-1) for cortisone, 0.06 and 0.24 μg mL(-1) for hydrocortisone, 0.07 and 0.20 μg mL(-1) for betamethasone valerate and 0.02 and 0.06 μg mL(-1) for betamethasone dipropionate. The recovery of skin whitening agents were 97.18% for salicylic acid, 97.99% for arbutin, 98.30% cortisone, 97.63% for hydrocortisone, 98.65% for betamethasone valerate and 98.18% for betamethasone dipropionate, respectively. According to this study, salicylic acid is present in 87.88% skin whitening creams, arbutin in 96.97%, cortisone in 60.60%, hydrocortisone in 48.48%, betamethasone valerate in 15.15% and betamethasone dipropionate present in 12.12% cosmetic creams available in Pakistan.

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Mushroom Tyrosinase-Based Enzyme Inhibition Assays Are Not Suitable for Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation of Extracts

et al. 2019

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Tyrosinase (Tyr) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis in human skin and is thus the main target for treating pigmentation disorders today. This has led to an increased research interest in Tyr inhibitors during the last decades, with a frequent focus on polyphenols. In the early stages of drug discovery, it is typical to avoid the high costs of human Tyr by using the more economic mushroom tyrosinase (mh-Tyr). Since some polyphenols are accepted as substrates by mh-Tyr, the present study aimed to more generally investigate this enzyme’s specificity toward polyphenols and to discuss its significance in the context of bioactivity-guided fractionation. Mh-Tyr substrates can change the sample color during an inhibition assay, leading to unreliable inhibition constants or to the discontinuation of a bioactivity-guided fractionation campaign. A data set of 56 natural products was investigated and classified into assay interferers (AIs) and noninterferers, using a spectrophotometric and an LC-ESIHRMS assay. Based on these experimental findings, structure–activity relationships defining AIs were deduced and implemented into an in silico tool that will allow for rapid prescreening in the future. We anticipate that these results will aid in the search for new Tyr inhibitors and contribute to the understanding of this enzyme, as well as its optimal use in pharmacological research.

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Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Physical Agents Causing Hypomelanoses

Cited by 5 publications

References 166 publications

Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Analysis of salicylic acid, arbutin and corticosteroids in skin whitening creams available in Pakistan using chromatographic techniques

Mushroom Tyrosinase-Based Enzyme Inhibition Assays Are Not Suitable for Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation of Extracts

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