Chemical Profile and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) Extracts

Abstract

This study presents the chemical profile of extracts from the pulp and seed of Annona squamosa L., as well as the evaluation of their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities. In the chemical prospection, qualitative assays were performed, and the contents of total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and carotenoids were quantified. For the compounds identification, analyses of the extracts were performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Antioxidant evaluation was performed using the DPPH, ABTS, Fe3+ reduction, 2-DR protection, and β-carotene protection methods. The assay for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was determined using the method described by Ellman. The secondary metabolites identified were anthocyanidins, flavones, flavonols, and alkaloids. Phenol analysis showed a higher quantitative value of total phenols and flavonoids for the seed extract, and the vitamin C content was higher in the pulp extract. There was no significant difference in relation to the carotenoids quantification. The best results obtained for antioxidant activity, for both seed and pulp extracts, were with the ABTS method with IC50 of 0.14 ± 0.02 and 0.38 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. Compared to A. squamosa seed extract, the pulp extract demonstrates higher AChE inhibitory activity with IC50 of 18.82 ± 0.17 µg/mL. A. squamosa is a nutritious food source. The continuity of the studies is fundamental to relate the consumption of this food and its effects on neurodegenerative diseases.

Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts and Fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba

“…Antioxidant activity has been proved to be relevant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [ 19 ], diabetes [ 20 ], hypertension [ 21 ], lung fibrosis [ 22 ], and tumors [ 23 ]. Therefore, natural products possessing antioxidant activity may present a complementary alternative for the treatment of these diseases.…”

Evaluation of potential inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase, pancreatic lipase, and cancer cell lines using raw leaves extracts of three fabaceae species

“…According to nutritionists [ 30 ], vitamin C helps reduce neurodegenerative diseases. The noradrenaline-producing neurons are the areas affected by Alzheimer's disease; this neurotransmitter is interlinked with stress and other environmental reactions, along with the changes that cause memory loss and inflammation [ 31 ]. Vitamin C is a co-factor of dopamine that synthesizes noradrenaline [ 30 ].…”

“…AD also causes plaque accumulation, leading to oxidative stress and other adverse effects of the disease. Therefore, diets rich in vitamin C and other antioxidant substances also inhibit neurological disturbance caused by oxidative stress [ 31 ]. In the current study, S. mollis extract exhibited some positive effects in the anti-acetylcholinesterase assay in comparison to the other species.…”

Influence of methanolic extracts from seeds and pulp of Annona squamosa L. on osmotic and morphological fragility in human erythrocytes

“…Compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, acetogenins, terpenoids and phenols have been isolated from different extracts of A. squamosa and are responsible for several biological activities attributed to this plant (Nemari et al, 2022). Antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities are attributed to the crude extract and compounds isolated from A. squamosa , among others ( Leite et al, 2021 ).…”