Chemical Profiling of Polyphenolics in Eucalyptus globulus and Evaluation of Its Hepato–Renal Protective Potential Against Cyclophosphamide Induced Toxicity in Mice

Abstract

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a potent anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive agent; however, it causes multi-organ toxicity. We elucidated the protective activities of Eucalyptus globulus (EG) leaf extract against CP-induced hepato–renal toxicity. Mice were treated with EG for 15 days plus CP on day 12 and 13 of the experiment. Using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, 26 secondary metabolites were identified in EG leaf extract. Out of them, 4 polyphenolic compounds were isolated: (1) 4-(O-β-d-xylopyranosyloxy)-3,5-di-hydroxy-benzoic acid, (2) 4-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-3,5-di-hydroxy-benzoic acid, (3) gallic acid, and (4) methyl gallate. Effects of EG extract on biochemical parameters, gene expression, and immune-histopathological changes were assessed in comparison to mesna positive control. Results showed that EG improved CP-increased serum ALT, AST, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. The hepatic and renal tissue levels of MDA, nitric oxide, protein carbonyl, TNF-α, IL-6, and immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and caspase-3 were reduced. Also, hepatic and renal GSH contents, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRf2)/ hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling levels were increased. Histopathological findings supported our findings where hepatic and renal architecture were almost restored. Results revealed the protective effects of EG against CP-induced hepato–renal toxicity. These effects may be related to EG antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties coupled with activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Antinociceptive, Anti‐Hyperalgesia and Antiallodynic Activities of Polyphenol Rich Extract fromShorea roxburghiiagainst Cyclophosphamide Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

“…For instance, Decalepis hamiltonii protected against CP‐induced oxidative stress in the mouse brain via its antioxidant prowess [34] . Additionally, polyphenolics in Eucalyptus globulus have been shown to be responsible for the hepato‐renal protective effects against cyclophosphamide induced toxicity through its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic properties [35] . Previous studies have documented the antioxidative activities of S. roxburghii in streptozotocin‐induced oxidative stress in rats [15] .…”

Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii: Chemical Composition, In Vivo Antiinflammatory, Pain Killing and Antipyretic Activities: A Comprehensive Comparison

“…A ThermoFinnigan LCQ-Duo ion trap mass spectrometer (ThermoElectron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) with an ESI source (ThermoQuest Corporation, Austin, TX, USA) was used to identify the phytochemical composition of the leaf extract as previously reported by Ghareeb et al [5].…”

Metabolites of Siberian Raspberries: LC-MS Profile, Seasonal Variation, Antioxidant Activity and, Thermal Stability of Rubus matsumuranus Phenolome

“…Gallic acid (4) and three gallic acid glycosides (1, 5, 7, 16, 23, 24) were found in R. matsumuranus leaves. Compounds 1 and 7 were detected as O-galloyl-dihexose and Ogalloylhexose, respectively, due to the negative mass spectrum showing deprotonated ions [M-H] − with m/z 493 and 331, respectively, and the fragmentation patterns corresponded to the loss of gallic acid and hexose units [30]. Compound 24 showed a deprotonated ion with m/z 635 and a variety of daughter ions with m/z 483 and 331 (loss of galloyl units), m/z 169 (deprotonated gallic acid), and m/z 125 (trihydroxyphenol moiety) and was identified as tri-O-galloyl-hexose [31].…”