Chemical Properties of Black Rice Yeast Extracts as Pharmaceutical Ingredients for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Abstract

blood sugar levels. Diabetes mellitus is related to hormonal disturbances and responsible for multiple complications in different body organs. DM is a significant health problem. Data from global studies show that the number of DM sufferers in 2011 was 366 million people, and these numbers are expected to increase to 552 million by 2030. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that as many as 183 million people are not aware of their diabetic status. 80% of people with DM live in low-income and middle-income countries. There are two types of this disorder, namely, type 1 DM and type 2 DM. 6 Ancient people have been using yeast for centuries to treat DM, and it is believed to reduce blood glucose levels. Yeast is rich in protein, lipids, RNA, vitamins and minerals. It also contains the B-complex vitamins thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (7) and folic acid (B9), as well as some minerals, including chromium. Types of yeast commonly used as food ingredients include Brewer's yeast, baker's yeast and torula yeast. 7 The results showed that BR-yeast contained chemical components, including Cr 3+ (103 x 10 -4 %), protein (38%), crude fiber (5.89%), and starch (6.643%). The results also revealed that yeast grown in black rice (Yeast-BR) has the potential to reduce blood glucose levels (BGL) of mice induced with Type 2 diabetes mellitus by 130 mg/dL. BR-yeast can also repair liver cell damage due to high BGL, amounting to 41%. These reports validate BR-yeast potential in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and liver regeneration after exposure to type 2 diabetes. The presence of starch in antidiabetic preparations has been associated with increases in blood glucose levels. Hence, extraction with various solvents coupled with filtration is one method for reducing starch concentrations in preparations intended to lower blood glucose levels. Different solvents, both polar and non-polar, extract bioactive compounds from plant sources, depending on the desired product. Polar solvents mainly extract polar constituents. Commonly used polar solvents are methanol, ethanol and distilled water. Some literature reported that a decrease in blood glucose levels might be related to chromium (III). The regulation of blood glucose levels by chromium is not well understood. Recently it has been known that chromium interacts with the Low Molecular Weight Chromium (LMWCr) substance. 8