Chemical Properties of Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

Ingols, R. S.; Ridenour, G. M.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1948.tb15069.x

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The C102, however, was alone able to slowly eliminate all of the microbes because it existed at relatively higher concentrations (i.e., 0.115 mg/liter). Also, chlorine dioxide is a more potent oxidizing agent and, therefore, is a potentially stronger biocidal agent than free chlorine (20). While chlorine dioxide inoculation was sufficient for killing all of the test organisms, the combined effects of free chlorine and chlorine dioxide elicited a rapid (i.e., 100% microbial elimination within 4 h from free Cl plus C102 inoculation) biocidal response to the microbial challenge of approximately 3 x 105 CFU/ml (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantification, qualification, and microbial killing efficiencies of antimicrobial chlorine-based substances produced by iontophoresis

Davis

Shirtliff

Trieff

et al. 1994

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The dependence of microbial killing on chloride ions present in solutions undergoing iontophoresis is addressed. A 400-,uA current was applied to vials containing synthetic urine or saline, and the production of chlorine-based substances (CBSs) was detected by the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene diamine colorimetric method.It was found that as the time of current application increased, the'total concentration of CBSs also increased.The iontophoretic current converted (through oxidation) chloride ions present in the solutions into CBSs such as free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chlorite, monochloramine, and dichloramine (the last two were produced by iontophoresis only when nitrogenous substances were present in the solution). Two of the CBSs (free Cl and C102), when they were separately added back to microbial suspensions (approximately 3 x 105 CFU/ml) at the same concentrations at which they were detected in either 0.46% (wt/vol) NaCl solution or synthetic urine iontophoresed for 4 h at 400 ,LA, reduced or eliminated bacterial genera and a fungus. However, when free Cl and C102 were jointly added back to microbial suspensions, bacterial and fungal killing was synergistic and more rapid and complete than when these chlorine-based biocides were added separately. Therefore, iontophoresis of solutions containing chloride ions produces chlorine-based biocides that are responsible for the antimicrobial effect of iontophoresis.For many years urinary catheters have been identified as both the leading cause of nosocomial-induced urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the most common predisposing factor in fatal gram-negative sepsis in hospitals (13,24). Therefore, reducing the threat of nosocomial UTIs from catheter usage has been an important goal for our laboratory. We have designed a catheter-power supply system that delivers an iontophoretic current of 400 ,A to the urinary bladder through platinum electrodes (7). Previous research has demonstrated that this current will eliminate microbial populations only when it is passed through solutions containing chloride ions (11). We have also previously shown that platinum electrodes have the best durability and microbial killing efficiency and that iontophoresis for 4 h at 400 ,uA in synthetic urine generates a biocidal effect against selected fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for more than 6 h after iontophoresis ceases (9, 10). Furthermore, bacterial killing efficiency was found to be directly related to increasing microamperage (up to 400 VA) and to chloride ion concentration, while it was found to be inversely related to the number of bacteria present in the solution undergoing iontophoresis (12). Preliminary work suggested that the reason for biocidal activity was the production of chlorine-containing oxidants. Therefore, the aim of the study described here was to both identify and quantify the various iontophoretically produced chlorine-based substances (CBSs) such as free chlorine (i.e., Cl2, OCI-, and HOCI), chlorine dioxide (CG02), chlorite (CdO2-), monochlo-...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantification, qualification, and microbial killing efficiencies of antimicrobial chlorine-based substances produced by iontophoresis

Davis

Shirtliff

Trieff

et al. 1994

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thirty-four plants use chlorine dioxide all year long, and the other 22 use it intermittently. 4. The reasons for using chlorine dioxide given by different water plants were:…”

Section: Questionnaire Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By limiting the pH range for study to that commonly used in water plants, and by ignoring the effect of slow reactions, it was possible to reduce the number of appropriate equations to six. These are: (1) (K = 4.5 X 10- 4 ) HOCI~OCl-+ H+ .... (2) (K = 3.3 X 10-8 )…”

Section: Nature Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Absorbance readings were taken on several concentrations of at least twelve different solutions at 360 mu, 260 m«, and 235 mu. Then the concentration of chlorine dioxide in each instance was determined by the starch-iodide procedure at pH 1.0-1.5 using thiosulfate (4). The accuracy of the starch-iodide method was checked by reducing the chlorine dioxide to Chlorite.…”

Section: Jourawwa Calibration Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Generation and Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

Granstrom¹,

Lee²

1958

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…HCl02 + 3H+ + 4e--> Cl-+ 2H20 Eo = 1.57 v. (7) 4HCl02 -+ 2ClO. + H+ + Cl" + HClOa + H.o (8) The fact that chlorate has not been detected in water after addition of chlorine dioxide" may be explained by analytical difficulties in determining minor amounts of chlorate in the presence of other chlorine compounds.…”

Section: Plant Water Treabnentmentioning

confidence: 99%