Chemical reactions in the pyrolysis of brown grease

Sim, Yoke‐Leng; Meyappan, Nitthia; Yen, Non Siau; a, Subramaniam Swarna Kamala; Khoo, Choon Hean; Cheah, Wing Lam; Hilaire, Dickens St.; Pinnock, Travis; Bacolod, Beatrice; Cai, Zhuo Biao; Gurung, Devya; Hasnat, Rifat; Strothers, Joel; Remy, Cristine T.; Gentles, Patrick K.; Groveman, Sam; Vittadello, Michele; Kim, Jihyun; Pratt, Lawrence M.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.101

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Firstly, palmitone formation is consistent with partial conversion of palmitic acid to ketene, followed by reaction of another molecule of palmitic acid with the elimination of carbon dioxide [10]. e proposed reaction sequence of palmitic acid to produce palmitone is shown in Scheme 1. e ketene derived from palmitic acid has been trapped with aniline, forming the N-phenylamide [9]. In this work, Pathways A1 and A2 involve the formation of ketene; then, it undergoes a nucleophilic attack to produce palmitone via the enol form, as shown in Scheme 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…e ability to utilize nonfood lipid feedstocks is important for process economics and commercial viability as feedstock cost accounts for anywhere between 40 and 80% of the production cost of renewable fuels [5][6][7][8]. Brown grease is a particularly attractive feedstock because its chemical reactions in the pyrolysis do not require high pressures, hydrogen, or expensive metal catalysts to produce hydrocarbons, thus greatly reducing the capital costs of a potential industrial process [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yoke-Leng Sim and co-authors [9] found that brown grease breaks down into a mixture of alkanes and alkenes at temperatures above 300°C without the addition of hydrogen or an external catalyst. ey performed pyrolysis experiments in order to accomplish a better understanding of the process of this reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is clear from the experimental studies of brown grease pyrolysis that the product distribution is dependent on both the temperature and the heating profile [9,15,22]. Other experimental and theoretical studies on brown grease separation and flow have been performed [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

Almatarneh

Alnemrat

Omeir

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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The conversion of brown grease using pyrolysis reactions represents a very promising option for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Brown grease forms a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and ketones at a temperature above 300°C at atmospheric pressure. This work is a computational study of the detailed reaction mechanisms of brown grease pyrolysis using DFT methodology. Prior experimental investigations confirmed product formation consistent with a set of radical reactions with CO2 elimination, as well as ketone by product formation, CO forming reactions, and formation of alcohols and aldehydes as minor byproducts. In this work, computational quantum chemistry was used to explore these reactions in greater detail. Particularly, a nonradical pathway formed ketone byproducts via the ketene, which we refer to as Pathways A1 and A2. Radical formation by thermal decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids initiates a set of reactions which eliminate CO2, regenerating alkyl radicals leading to hydrocarbon products (Pathway B). A third pathway (Pathway C) is an alternative set of radical reactions, resulting in decarbonylation and formation of minor byproducts. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with recent experimental studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

Almatarneh

Alnemrat

Omeir

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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“…In this review, the focus is on plant oil-derived free fatty acids as precursors to organosulfur polymers. Free fatty acids are of interest because they are found in high percentages in waste products such as acid oil by-product of biodiesel production, used food grease waste, and low value products of animal fat rendering [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. While the relative percentages of each class of fatty acids varies widely by species, it is notable that in a wide range of species ranging from tree-derived sources (olive oil) to flowers (sunflower and safflower oil), to underground legumes (peanut oil), the most common saturated fatty acid (SFA) component is palmitic acid (16-carbon chain), though coconut oil features predominantly lauric acid (12-carbon chain) as the SFA in its triglycerides.…”

Section: Motivation For This Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies

Smith

Tennyson

Smith

2020

Sustainable Chemistry

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This paper is review with 119 references. Approaches to supplant currently used plastics with materials made from more sustainably-sourced monomers is one of the great contemporary challenges in sustainable chemistry. Fatty acids are attractive candidates as polymer precursors because they can be affordably produced on all inhabited continents, and they are also abundant as underutilized by-products of other industries. In surveying the array of synthetic approaches to convert fatty acids into polymers, those routes that produce organosulfur polymers stand out as being especially attractive from a sustainability standpoint. The first well-explored synthetic approach to fatty acid-derived organosulfur polymers employs the thiol-ene click reaction or the closely-related thiol-yne variation. This approach is high-yielding under mild conditions with up to 100% atom economy and high functional group tolerance. More recently, inverse vulcanization has been employed to access high sulfur-content polymers by the reaction of fatty acid-derived olefins with elemental sulfur. This approach is attractive not only because it is theoretically 100% atom economical but also because elemental sulfur is itself an underutilized by-product of fossil fuel refining. The thiol-ene, inverse vulcanization, and mechanistically-related thiol-yne and classic vulcanization are therefore discussed as promising routes to access polymers and composites from fatty acid-derived precursors.

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Composites produced from waste plastic with agricultural and energy sector by‐products

Lopez,

Smith

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A three‐stage route to chemically upcycle post‐consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to produce high compressive strength composites is reported. This procedure involves initial glycolysis with diethylene glycol to produce a mixture (GPET) comprising oligomers of 2–7 terephthalate units followed by trans/esterification of GPET with fatty acid chains supplied by brown grease, an agricultural by‐product of animal fat of relatively low nutritional or fuel value. This process yields PGB comprising a mixture of mono‐terephthalate ester derivatives. The olefin units provided by unsaturated fatty acid chains in brown grease were crosslinked by an inverse vulcanization reaction with elemental sulfur to give composites GBSx (x = wt% S, varied from 80%–90%). The compressive strengths of GBS80 (27.5 ± 2.6 MPa) and GBS90 (19.2 ± 0.8 MPa) exceed the compressive strength required of ordinary Portland cement (17 MPa) for its use in residential building foundations. The current route represents a way to repurpose waste plastic, energy sector by‐product sulfur, and agricultural by‐product brown grease to give high strength composites with mechanical properties suggesting their possible use to replace less sustainably sourced legacy structural materials.

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Chemical reactions in the pyrolysis of brown grease

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies

Composites produced from waste plastic with agricultural and energy sector by‐products

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