Chemical relations between atmospheric aerosols, deposition and stone decay layers on historic buildings at the mediterranean coast

Torfs, K.; Grieken, R. Van

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00038-1

Cited by 83 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…% in respect to the host rock. Gypsum concentrations in samples from marble and limestone from different sites range from 10.3 (Torfs and van Grieken 1997) to 23.3 wt. % (Fassina 1988) (Table 3).…”

Section: Geochemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

et al. 2013

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Severe stone deterioration is evident at the Cologne cathedral. In particular, the ''Drachenfels'' trachyte, which was the building material of the medieval construction period, shows significant structural deterioration as well as massive formation of gypsum crusts. The present article investigates crust formation on limestone, sandstone, and volcanic rock from the Cologne cathedral as well as from the Xanten and Altenberg cathedrals. These three buildings, showing varying degrees of deterioration, are located in different areas and exposed to varying industrial, urban, and rural pollution. Thin laminar and black framboidal crusts form on calcareous as well as silicate stone. The lack of a significant intrinsic calcium and sulfur source for the formation of the gypsum crusts on the Drachenfels trachyte indicates major extrinsic environmental impact: a sufficient offer of SO x from pollutant fluxes as well as external calcium sources (e.g., pollution, mortars, neighboring calcite stones). Chemical analyses reveal strong gypsum enrichment within the crusts as well as higher concentrations of lead and other pollutants (arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, etc.), which generally can be linked to traffic and industry. The formation of weathering crusts in an industrial environment is clearly distinguishable from that in rural areas. Scanning electron microscopy observations confirm that the total amount of pollution is less at the Altenberg cathedral than at the Cologne and Xanten cathedrals. XRF analyses show that the formation of gypsum occurs in lower amounts at Altenberg. This correlates well with the measured SO 2 content and the intensity of the decay at the different locations. Furthermore, the different types of crusts, e.g., framboidal and laminar, can be differentiated and assigned to the different locations. The black weathering crusts on the silicate Drachenfels trachyte contribute to the degradation of the historic building material. They enhance mechanical moisture-related deterioration processes and the decay by chemical corrosion of rock-forming minerals. Although SO 2 concentrations in air have shown a strong decrease over the past 30 years, degradation in connection with weathering crusts is still observed. This indicates that not only contemporary or recent emissions, but also past pollutant concentrations have to be considered.

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Section: Geochemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

et al. 2013

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“…Taking into account the EDX technical limitations and the literature about this topic (Dzubay and Mamane, 1989;Paoletti et al, 1991;RodrmH guez-Navarro and SebastiaH n, 1996;Torfs andVan Grieken, 1997, Harrison et al, 1997, etc. ) the following elements were selected: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb.…”

Section: Instrumental Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using these procedures and data from the speci"c literature (Dzubay and Mamane, 1989;Van Borm et al, 1989Rojas et al, 1990;Clarke, 1992;Torfs and Van Grieken, 1997;Harrison et al, 1997;Zou and Hooper, 1997, etc.) a particle classi"cation was reached and it is shown in Table 6.…”

Section: Classixcationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the papers refer to their contribution to air pollution and the e!ects on human health (Dzubay and Mamane, 1989;Van Borm et al, 1989Rojas et al, 1990;Paoletti et al, 1991;Al-Rajhi et al, 1996;McMurry et al, 1996;Querol et al, 1996;BeH ruBeH et al, 1997;Esteve et al, 1997;Harrison et al, 1997;Zou and Hooper, 1997;Kasparian et al, 1998;Chan et al, 1999;Paoletti et al, 1999, etc.). Other articles mention particulate e!ects on building stone decay (Haynie, 1985(Haynie, , 1986Lanting, 1986;Leysen et al, 1987;Zappia et al, 1991;Hutchinson et al, 1992;DmH az-Pache et al, 1994;Nord et al, 1994;RodrmH guez-Navarro and SebastiaH n, 1996;Esbert et al, 1996;Torfs and Van Grieken, 1997;Ausset et al, 1998Ausset et al, , 1999Grossi et al, 1998, etc.). This paper is focused on this last topic and presents a methodology to study solid particles in urban atmospheres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne particulate matter around the Cathedral of Burgos (Castilla y León, Spain)

Esbert

Díaz-Pache

Grossi

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

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A methodology to collect and analyse atmospheric particulate matter has been developed at the Cathedral of Burgos (Spain). Particles were collected in a portable particle sampler on carbon layers and stone surfaces. The analyses were undertaken under SEM-EDX by means X-ray mapping and Featurescan (a program for the automated characterisation of particles). To determine their possible sources, particles collected in the sampler and on carbon layers were classi"ed according to their composition, mainly by cluster analysis. Then, they were compared with those deposited on stone surfaces. This classi"cation is useful when a plan of preventive conservation for monuments is to be undertaken. In general, no important di!erences are observed between the chemical composition of particles directly collected from the atmosphere and those deposited on di!erent substrates. Fine particles present the highest sulphur contents (almost 100%), while calcium is the major element in the medium and coarse particles. Other abundant elements are silicon, chlorine and phosphorus. The number of iron-rich particles is small. The study of the material deposited on carbon layers and stone substrates has con"rmed the presence of gypsum in all cases.

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“…PM is a complex mixture of substances and several studies highlighted the role of some single PM's components in specific stone-decay processes (SaizJimenez et al, 1993;Rodriguez-Navarro and Sebastian, 1996;Torfs et al, 1997;Chabas et al, 2000;Zanardini et al, 2000;McAlister et al, 2008;Stefanis et al, 2009;Potgieter-Vermaak et al, 2012). Nevertheless, few works have tried to assess the potential role of PM considering its comprehensive chemical-physics properties and its behaviour during climatic variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Measurements of Particulate Matter Deliquescence and Crystallization Relative Humidity: Application in Heritage Climatology

Casati

Rovelli

Perrone

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Climate and pollution can lead to materials weathering. In this study, an innovative method is employed to evaluate the hazard for heritage stone substrates induced by the synergic effect of particulate matter (PM) and climate. In this respect, two hazard indicators for stone materials were determined: the time of wetness and the number of dissolution and crystallization cycles. The two indicators were computed by coupling experimental measurements of the PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity with climatic data. For the first time, these indicators were estimated based on the PM hygroscopic properties, considering its whole hysteresis loop and its consequent hydration level.The proposed method was applied to PM samples collected in the polluted Po Valley (Milan): the experimental measurements of both PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity were performed in an environmental-controlled chamber using an electrical conductivity method. The time of wetness and the number of dissolution and crystallization cycles were then calculated by coupling the PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity with climatic data of Milan over the last decade (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013). Results point out that, depending on the seasons, different hazards were identified. In winter, high time of wetness (89 ± 11%) and low number of cycles (3 ± 3 cycles/month) were found. Conversely, summer was characterized by low time of wetness (20 ± 13%) and high number of cycles (11 ± 5 cycles/month). Interestingly, spring and fall resulted the most dangerous seasons for outdoor-exposed stones, since they presented both high time of wetness and number of cycles. Since the two indicators are calculated considering PM properties and climatic data, their values are site-specific, while the method used for their determination is of general application and it can be used for an efficient hazard assessment in a heritage climatology perspective.

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Chemical relations between atmospheric aerosols, deposition and stone decay layers on historic buildings at the mediterranean coast

Cited by 83 publications

References 11 publications

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

Airborne particulate matter around the Cathedral of Burgos (Castilla y León, Spain)

Experimental Measurements of Particulate Matter Deliquescence and Crystallization Relative Humidity: Application in Heritage Climatology

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