Chemical Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> Against Grazing by Three Species of Zooplankton

Dang, Lin-Xi; Li, Yue; Liu, Fei; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Wei‐Dong; Li, Hongye; Liu, Jie‐Sheng

doi:10.1111/jeu.12201

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Selander et al found that waterborne cues from grazing copepods could increase the cell-specific paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin [45]. Dang et al reported that some grazers could increase the toxicity of K. mikimotoi [44]. Here, we found that OA production in P. lima was significantly increased in the presence of A. salina , suggesting the possible anti-grazing role of OA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…It has been found that some phycotoxins can function as inducible defensive chemicals against grazing or reducing the number of grazers to ensure that they were not cleared by grazers [44,56,57]. Nowadays, numerous studies have shown that this inducible reaction is common in phytoplankton, which can reduce the grazing pressure to maintain the survival of the population [57,58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, P. lima was observed to produce OA production in the presence of Artemia salina , a suitable model species to assess the toxicity of marine benthic dinoflagellates [39]. Finally, given that algal toxin production is governed by multiple intricate physiological and ecological factors, such as the imbalance of nutrient ratio, the availability of nutrients, environmental pollutants, and grazing pressure [40,41,42,43,44,45], the relationship between the expression of three ABC genes and OA production under different conditions (nutrient limitations, different sources of nutrients, heavy metal stress, grazing pressure) was investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ABC Transporters in Prorocentrum lima and Their Expression Under Different Environmental Conditions Including Okadaic Acid Production

Xiao

Zheng

et al. 2019

Marine Drugs

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Prorocentrum lima is a typical benthic toxic dinoflagellate, which can produce phycotoxins such as okadaic acid (OA). In this study, we identified three ABC transporter genes (ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2) and characterized their expression patterns, as well as OA production under different environmental conditions in P. lima. We found that the three ABC transporters all showed high identity with related ABC proteins from other species, and contained classical features of ABC transport proteins. Among them, ABCG2 was a half size transporter. The three ABC transporter genes displayed various expression profiles under different conditions. The high concentration of Cu2+ could up-regulate ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 transcripts in P. lima, suggesting the potential defensive role of ABC transporters against metal ions in surrounding waters. Cu2+, in some concentration, could induce OA production; meanwhile, tributyltin inhibited OA accumulation. The grazer Artemia salina could induce OA production, and P. lima displayed some toxicity to the grazer, indicating the possibility of OA as an anti-grazing chemical. Collectively, our results revealed intriguing data about OA production and the expression patterns of three ABC transporter genes. However, we could not find any significant correlation between OA production and expression pattern of the three ABC transporters in P. lima. Our results might provide new molecular insights on the defensive responses of P. lima to the surrounding environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ABC Transporters in Prorocentrum lima and Their Expression Under Different Environmental Conditions Including Okadaic Acid Production

Xiao

Zheng

et al. 2019

Marine Drugs

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“…These other substances include hemolytic and cytotoxic compounds gymnocin A and B in addition to a mixture of liposaccharides and lipids [ 33 , 167 , 168 , 169 ]. K. mikimotoi and K. papilionacea produces ichtiotoxic polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid, and hemolytic toxins that decrease the survival rate of the grazers [ 170 , 171 , 172 ]. The PUFA produced by K. mikimotoi were toxic for various tissue cultures, decreased bacterial bioluminescence and were allelopathic to various algae as it disrupted their cell membranes [ 173 , 174 ] (see also [ 66 ] for review).…”

Section: Compounds Produced By Karenia and Their Physiological Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge

Shmukler

Никишин

2017

Marine Drugs

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Ciguatoxins (CTX) and brevetoxins (BTX) are polycyclic ethereal compounds biosynthesized by the worldwide distributed planktonic and epibenthic dinoflagellates of Gambierdiscus and Karenia genera, correspondingly. Ciguatera, evoked by CTXs, is a type of ichthyosarcotoxism, which involves a variety of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, while BTXs cause so-called neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Both types of toxins are reviewed together because of similar mechanisms of their action. These are the only molecules known to activate voltage-sensitive Na+-channels in mammals through a specific interaction with site 5 of its α-subunit and may compete for it, which results in an increase in neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release and impairment of synaptic vesicle recycling. Most marine ciguatoxins potentiate Nav channels, but a considerable number of them, such as gambierol and maitotoxin, have been shown to affect another ion channel. Although the extrinsic function of these toxins is probably associated with the function of a feeding deterrent, it was suggested that their intrinsic function is coupled with the regulation of photosynthesis via light-harvesting complex II and thioredoxin. Antagonistic effects of BTXs and brevenal may provide evidence of their participation as positive and negative regulators of this mechanism.

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“…Toxins produced by K. mikimotoi have ecological implications for marine organisms, although these have not been quantified in the field [ 3 ]. It has been well documented that K. mikimotoi exert detrimental impacts, including lethality, on a wide range of marine life, including marine fauna [ 4 , 5 ] and seaweeds [ 6 ]. Three kinds of toxins were speculated to be involved in K. mikimotoi -induced toxicity: hemolytic toxins [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], cytotoxins [ 10 , 11 ] and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as an Endpoint to Evaluate Whether ROS-Dependent Hemolytic Toxicity Is Involved in the Allelopathy Induced by Karenia mikimotoi

Sun³

et al. 2018

Toxins

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The toxic effects of the typically noxious bloom-forming dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were studied using the allelopathic experimental system under controlled laboratory conditions. The potency of intact cell suspensions with whole cells, cell-free culture filtrate in different growth phases, and lysed cells with ultrasonication were compared, and the growth and reproduction of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were used as endpoints to evaluate toxic differences. The intact cell suspension resulted the most significant growth inhibition, including lethality, on the growth of B. plicatilis (p < 0.05). Lysed culture medium treated with ultrasonication and the cell-free culture filtrates at either the exponential or stationary phase exhibited limited negative impacts compared to the control according to changes in the population growth rate (r) and survival rate (p > 0.05). Reproduction presented a similar tendency to change, and the number of eggs produced per individual, as well as spawning period decreased in the whole cell and lysed cell suspensions. The key parameters in the lift table include the net reproductive rate (R0) and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), which were more sensitive to treatment and were significantly suppressed compared to that of the control. The addition of the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could not change the growth or reproduction patterns. Moreover, substantial hemolytic toxicity was found in the treatment of the intact cell suspension (p < 0.05), while limited toxicity was found in other treatments compared to that of the control. K. mikimotoi was speculated to secrete allelopathic substances onto the cell surface, and direct cell contact was necessary for allelopathic toxicity in B. plicatilis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-independent hemolytic toxicity was assumed to be the explanation for what was observed.

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Chemical Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Against Grazing by Three Species of Zooplankton

Cited by 18 publications

References 63 publications

ABC Transporters in Prorocentrum lima and Their Expression Under Different Environmental Conditions Including Okadaic Acid Production

ABC Transporters in Prorocentrum lima and Their Expression Under Different Environmental Conditions Including Okadaic Acid Production

Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge

Using the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as an Endpoint to Evaluate Whether ROS-Dependent Hemolytic Toxicity Is Involved in the Allelopathy Induced by Karenia mikimotoi

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