Chemical Restraint and General Anesthesia

Fowler, Murray E.; Mikota, Susan K.; Steffey, Eugene

doi:10.1002/9780470344484.ch9

Cited by 46 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Process before handling to lab and storage period until examination also important due to damaged erythrocytes may swell during storage and transport, and this can increase the MCV which measured by automatic counters [16] . We assessed WBC counts manually because elephant cells, particularly monocytes that are bi-lobed, differ from those of humans, and using an automated human hematology analyzer can lead to unreliable results [17] . Also automated cell counting may report decreased values because of platelet or WBC aggregation, or fragile WBC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tayland’da Evcil Asya Filinin (Elephas maximus) Kan ve Biyokimyasal Referans Aralıkları

Janyamethakul¹,

Sripiboon²,

Somgird³

et al. 2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Species specific blood value reference intervals are needed for the proper diagnosis, and treatment of disease, appropriate for specific populations, because age, sex, management, exercise and geographical location can all affect hematological values. The aim of this study was to establish a set of hematology and blood chemistry reference intervals for captive Asian elephants. Blood samples were collected from 149 healthy Asian elephants in 15 tourist camps in Northern Thailand. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined. The results showed similarity of haematological and blood chemistry range to others previously published. There were no sex differences for most hematological parameters except some parameters were different i.e. MCV, MCHC, BUN, AST, and ALP. The hematology and blood chemistry reference intervals of our study can be used as the reference for hematological analysis in Thailand, and several Asian elephant range countries and zoos.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tayland’da Evcil Asya Filinin (Elephas maximus) Kan ve Biyokimyasal Referans Aralıkları

Janyamethakul¹,

Sripiboon²,

Somgird³

et al. 2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…We find that while elephants may use heterothermy to some extent, evaporative cooling is likely to be more significant to the overall thermal budget of both African and Asian elephants. For example, the median body mass of the elephants measured by Weissenböck et al (Weissenböck et al, 2011) was ~3365kg, thus a rise of 1.15°C over a 12h period represents a rate of heat storage of ~313W (total of 13,466kJ) (Clark and Edholm, 1985) or ~15.5% of resting metabolic heat production with an approximate water savings of 5.6l (2.8-3.7% of estimated daily water intake) (Fowler and Mikota, 2006;Sikes, 1971). In contrast, under similar air temperatures (~30°C), evaporative cooling dissipated ~157% of resting heat production for Asian elephants in this study (Fig.9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 24h period chosen for this exercise was not an especially extreme day in Namibia; the maximum temperature reached only 38.8°C, significantly less than the temperatures of 45°C or greater that occur in this region (Loarie et al, 2009). Previous reported values for water requirements for African elephants are between 150 and 200lday −1 (reviewed in Fowler and Mikota, 2006;Sikes, 1971). Thus, in hot climates, well over one half to three quarters of the daily water debt may result from evaporative cooling.…”

Section: The Role Of Climate In Influencing Water Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Climate influences thermal balance and water use in African and Asian elephants: physiology can predict drivers of elephant distribution

Dunkin

Wilson²,

Way³

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYElephant movement patterns in relation to surface water demonstrate that they are a water-dependent species. Thus, there has been interest in using surface water management to mitigate problems associated with localized elephant overabundance. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the elephant's water dependence remain unclear. Although thermoregulation is likely an important driver, the relationship between thermoregulation, water use and climate has not been quantified. We measured skin surface temperature of and cutaneous water loss from 13 elephants (seven African, 3768±642kg; six Asian, 3834±498kg) and determined the contribution of evaporative cooling to their thermal and water budgets across a range of air temperatures (8-33°C). We also measured respiratory evaporative water loss and resting metabolic heat production on a subset of elephants (N=7). The rate of cutaneous evaporative water loss ranged between 0.31 and 8.9gmin m −2 for African elephants. Simulated thermal and water budgets using climate data from Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and Okaukuejo, Namibia, suggested that the 24-h evaporative cooling water debt incurred in warm climates can be more than 4.5 times that incurred in mesic climates. This study confirms elephants are obligate evaporative coolers but suggests that classification of elephants as water dependent is insufficient given the importance of climate in determining the magnitude of this dependence. These data highlight the potential for a physiological modeling approach to predicting the utility of surface water management for specific populations. Supplementary material available online at

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“…Asian elephants appear to be far more sensitive to the α 2 -agonists. For example, the recommended dose for detomidine in Asian elephants is 0.0055 mg/kg (Fowler and Mikota, 2006), whereas African elephants require 0.013-0.02 mg/kg (Neiffer et al, 2005; Table 1). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Medetomidine is the most potent of the α 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist family with more specific actions on receptors associated with sedation and analgesia (Fowler and Mikota, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Standing sedation with medetomidine and butorphanol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

Lüders

Tindall²,

Young³

et al. 2016

The Veterinary Journal

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Chemical Restraint and General Anesthesia

Cited by 46 publications

References 33 publications

Tayland’da Evcil Asya Filinin (Elephas maximus) Kan ve Biyokimyasal Referans Aralıkları

Tayland’da Evcil Asya Filinin (Elephas maximus) Kan ve Biyokimyasal Referans Aralıkları

Climate influences thermal balance and water use in African and Asian elephants: physiology can predict drivers of elephant distribution

Standing sedation with medetomidine and butorphanol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

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