RNA is a key regulator of almost every cellular process, and the structures adopted by RNA molecules are thought to be central to their functions. The recent fast-paced evolution of high-throughput sequencing-based RNA structure mapping methods has enabled the rapid in vivo structural interrogation of entire cellular transcriptomes. Collectively, these studies are shedding new light on the long underestimated complexity of the structural organization of the transcriptome -the RNA structurome. Moreover, recent analyses are challenging the view that the RNA structurome is a static entity by revealing how RNA molecules establish intricate networks of alternative intramolecular and intermolecular interactions and that these ensembles of RNA structures are dynamically regulated to finely tune RNA functions in living cells. This new understanding of how RNA can shape cell phenotypes has important implications for the development of RNA-targeted therapeutic strategies.Sections glyoxal and other α-ketoaldehydes, which react with unpaired guanines 14 , and carbodiimide reagents such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), which display selectivity for unpaired guanines and uracils, or for G:U wobble pairs 15,16 .By contrast, chemical probing by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analysed by primer extension (SHAPE) measures the flexibility of the RNA backbone 17 , which is generally used as a proxy for base-pairing: when the SHAPE reagent forms an adduct with the 2′-OH of a structurally flexible nucleotide, the position is assumed to be unpaired. Moreover, specific structural states have been shown to promote SHAPE Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author selfarchiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.