Chemical stability of heparin, isopropanol, and ethanol line lock solutions

Cullis, Paul S; Keene, David; Zaman, Azrina; Barker, Catrin; Govan, Lindsay; Minford, Joanne

doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.023

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In our study we observed an inter-individual variability in the antithrombotic effect of Enox and Enox/Eth. Large variation in TG response to heparin between individuals and low molecular weight heparin for the same anti-Xa level is classically reported and probably reflects inter-individual variability in baseline coagulation potential (Cullis et al 2015 ; Hemker et al 2002 ; Chowdary et al 2015 ). We also observed lower ETP inhibition in females than in males in response to both Enox and Enox/Eth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin 400 IU/mL–40 % ethanol catheter lock solution

et al. 2015

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Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the most widely used interdialytic lock solution but has no anti-infectious properties. Ethanol at a content ≥40 %v/v eradicates experimental biofilm but has no anticoagulant properties. In contrast to UFH, enoxaparin (Enox) can be combined with 40 % ethanol without precipitation. Enoxaparin 400 UI/mL–40 % ethanol (Enox/Eth) has antibiofilm properties and therefore has promise as an alternative lock solution. This study assessed the anticoagulant properties of Enox/Eth. Enox and Enox/Eth were diluted in whole blood at a final Enox concentration of 0.5, 1 (N = 6 samples), 1.5 (N = 4) and 2 (N = 6) IU/mL. Anti-Xa activity was determined by chromogenic assay and the inhibition of endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) by thrombinography. Quantitative data were compared by the Mann-Withney U test. For Enox concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 UI/mL in whole blood samples, the mean ± SD values of the anti-Xa activity were 0.68 ± 0.09, 1.26 ± 0.14, 1.73 ± 0.30, 2.35 ± 0.32 UI/mL for Enox/Eth and 0.94 ± 0.15, 1.80 ± 0.22, 2.74 ± 0.23, 3.54 ± 0.44 UI/mL for Enox (P = 0.03, P = 0.03, P = 0.13, P = 0.03); and of the percentage of ETP inhibition was 17.36 ± 9.65, 30.27 ± 17.06, 36.5 ± 17.06, 57.82 ± 15.42 for Enox/Eth, and 42.96 ± 15.68, 68.93 ± 10.01, 83.5 ± 8.81, 91.19 ± 4.67 for Enox (P = 0.03, P = 0.03, P = 0.13, P = 0.03), respectively. The median and IQR values of Enox concentration inhibiting 50 % of ETP (IC50 ETP) were 1.8 [1.1–2.4] IU/mL for Enox/Eth and 0.7 [0.3–0.9] IU/mL for Enox, P = 0.03. Enox/Eth has strong anticoagulant activity, albeit lower than that of Enox, but with an extremely low IC50 ETP compared to the Enox concentration of non-diluted Enox/Eth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The anticoagulant activity of these catheter lock solutions has been scarcely reported and mainly assessed by clotting tests (Robinson et al 2005 ; Cullis et al 2015 ). However, clotting time assays only probe the initiation phase of coagulation by measuring the time before the burst of thrombin starts and generates clot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin 400 IU/mL–40 % ethanol catheter lock solution

et al. 2015

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“…Isopropanol offers benefits of lower cytotoxicity compared to other organic solvents [20][21][22][23][24]. It is widely used for many biomedical fabrication applications, such as deposition of films for drug delivery [25], surface modification of implants with bioceramics, polymers and proteins [26,27], protein purification and extraction [28], manufacturing of fibrous implants [29], and biomedical scaffolds [30]. However, PEMA is insoluble in isopropanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant assisted dip-coating method for deposition of polyethylmethacrylate-diamond coatings

Wang

Zhitomirsky

2023

Advances in Applied Ceramics: Structural, Functional and Biocer

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This investigation is motivated by increasing interest in polymer-diamond coatings for biomedical applications in implants and sensors. A conceptually new strategy is based on the feasibility of solubilisation of polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) in isopropanol using 18βglycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) and rhamnolipids (RLP) as solubilising agents. This approach offers benefits for biomedical applications by avoiding the use of traditional toxic solvents for PEMA dissolution. The ability to obtain concentrated solutions of high molecular mass polymer is a crucial factor for the development of a dip coating method. Potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that PEMA films provide corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3% NaCl solutions. The use of GRA facilitates the fabrication of films with improved protective properties. PEMA films are obtained as monolayers or multilayers of controlled film mass. Another important finding is a good dispersion of chemically inert microdiamond and nanodiamond particles using GRA and RLP. For the first time composite PEMA-diamond films are obtained using GRA and RLP as solubilising agents for PEMA and dispersing agents for diamonds in isopropanol solvent. The detailed analysis of film microstructures provides an insight into the influence of chemical structure of GRA and RLP on their interactions with PEMA and diamonds. Moreover, microstructure analysis indicates that such interactions are important for preventing defects in the composite films. The benefits of steroid-like dispersants are discussed. Composite films are obtained as monolayers with different diamond content or PEMA-diamond multilayers of different composition and film mass. The method represents a versatile strategy for the fabrication of alternating PEMA/PEMA-diamond multilayers. The benefits of the obtained microstructures for biomedical applications are discussed. The approach developed in this investigation opens an avenue for the fabrication of other polymer coatings containing various functional materials.

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Biomimetic approach to poly(ethyl methacrylate) solubilization, deposition, and coating loading with functional biomaterials

Baker

Zhitomirsky

2022

Colloid Polym Sci

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Chemical stability of heparin, isopropanol, and ethanol line lock solutions

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin 400 IU/mL–40 % ethanol catheter lock solution

Anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin 400 IU/mL–40 % ethanol catheter lock solution

Surfactant assisted dip-coating method for deposition of polyethylmethacrylate-diamond coatings

Biomimetic approach to poly(ethyl methacrylate) solubilization, deposition, and coating loading with functional biomaterials

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