Chemical strengthening of lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic with different crystallinity

Diffusion and release behavior of Ag+ in ion‐exchanged antibacterial glaze

“…Generally, the Ag + ↔Na + ion‐exchange process of the glaze in the molten salt should be composed of three stages (Figure 5): (i) the diffusion of Ag + and Na + ions to the interface between the molten salt and the glaze; (ii) the exchange of Ag + ions with Na + ions in the interface, driven by chemical potential; (iii) and finally, the diffusion of the exchanged Ag + ions in the interface to the interior 24 . In this regard, the second Fick's law of diffusion combined with the distribution coefficient under semi‐infinite length was used to determine the concentration of Ag + ions in a position x ( x represents the distance from the surface) after ion exchange for time t , as follows: $$$$\begin{equation}C\ \left( {x,t} \right) = {c}_{{\mathrm{Ag}}}\ \frac{{k\sqrt {{D}_{\mathrm{m}}} }}{{k\sqrt {{D}_{\mathrm{g}}} + \sqrt {{D}_{\mathrm{m}}} }}\left( {1 - erf\frac{x}{{2\sqrt {{D}_{\mathrm{g}}t} }}} \right)\end{equation}$$$$where c Ag is the concentration of AgNO 3 in the molten salt, k is the Nernst distribution coefficient of Ag + ions during the Ag + ↔Na + ion‐exchange process, and D m and D g are the diffusion coefficients of Ag + ions in the molten salt and the glaze, respectively 25…”

“…Generally, the Ag + ↔Na + ion-exchange process of the glaze in the molten salt should be composed of three stages (Figure 5): (i) the diffusion of Ag + and Na + ions to the interface between the molten salt and the glaze; (ii) the exchange of Ag + ions with Na + ions in the interface, driven by chemical potential; (iii) and finally, the diffusion of the exchanged Ag + ions in the interface to the interior. 24 In this regard, the second Fick's law of diffusion combined with the distribution coefficient under semi-infinite length was used to determine the concentration of Ag + ions in a position x (x represents the distance from the surface) after ion exchange for time t, as follows:…”