Chemical Structure, Biological Roles, Biosynthesis and Regulation of the Yellow Xanthomonadin Pigments in the Phytopathogenic Genus Xanthomonas

Abstract

Xanthomonadins are membrane-bound yellow pigments that are typically produced by phytopathogenic bacterial Xanthomonas spp., Xylella fastidiosa, and Pseudoxanthomonas spp. They are also produced by a diversity of environmental bacterial species. Considerable research has revealed that they are a unique group of halogenated, aryl-polyene, water-insoluble pigments. Xanthomonadins have been shown to play important roles in epiphytic survival and host-pathogen interactions in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which is the causal agent of black rot in crucifers. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of xanthomonadin chemical structures, physiological roles, biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to provide clues for further in-depth research on xanthomonadins from Xanthomonas and other related bacterial species.

Genome-Based Classification of Strain 16-SW-7, a Marine Bacterium Capable of Converting B Red Blood Cells, as Pseudoalteromonas distincta and Proposal to Reclassify Pseudoalteromonas paragorgicola as a Later Heterotypic Synonym of Pseudoalteromonas distincta

“…Probably, KMM 638 T (ATCC 700518 T ) and KMM 3548 T developed and fixed their pigment-producing phenotypic traits due to colonizing psychrophilic marine organisms ( Romanenko et al, 1995 ; Ivanova et al, 2002a ). Thus, the slightly orange pigments in KMM 3548 T could belong to antioxidant xanthomonadin-like pigments (carotenoids, anthraquinones, zeaxanthin, flexirubins), which protect against oxidative stress and UV exposure, establishing or maintaining commensal relationships between bacteria and their hosts ( He et al, 2020 ). At least, the resorcinol and arylpolyene biosynthetic gene clusters (66209 nucleotide region), which are functionally related to antioxidative carotenoids, were found in the KMM 3548 T genome by antiSMASH ( Medema et al, 2011 ; Schöner et al, 2016 ).…”

Biodiversity and Habitats of Polar Region Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acid-Producing Bacteria: Bioprospection by Popular Screening Methods

“…isolates the presence of the pigment seemed to extinguish the Nile Red-stained granule fluorescence. Rhodanobacter isolates often produce xanthomonadin-like pigments, which absorb wavelengths in the blue-green range, those that excite the granule-bound Nile Red dye [ 18 , 21 , 22 ]. Drop-growth of most Bacteroidetes members (mostly Flavobacterium spp.…”

Deep phylo-taxono genomics reveals Xylella as a variant lineage of plant associated Xanthomonas with Stenotrophomonas and Pseudoxanthomonas as misclassified relatives

“…We observed heterogeneity in recombination sizes, majority of the recombination (~82%) were of less than 100bp recombining fragments while maximum recombining fragment was of 4469bp (supplementary table 6, 8). Further, 14 highway pairs were detected in the XSXP phylogroup, majority related to Pseudoxanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas (figure 5, supplementary (He et al, 2020;Katzen et al, 1998;Rajagopal et al, 1997). Since, we are expanding breadth of Xanthomonas genus on the basis of phylo-taxono-genomics parameters, we scanned for the presence of these clusters in the genomes of XSXP constituent genera and species members (figure 6).…”

“…Within this family, Xanthomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Xylella and Pseudoxanthomonas are closely related genera which forms a phylogroup (referred to as XSXP phylogroup in this study) . Xanthomonas, Xylella and Pseudoxanthomonas are characterized by a yellow pigment xanthomonadin and exopolysaccharide xanthan gum production (Biswas, Chakraborty, Sarkar, & Naidu, 2017;da Silva, Vettore, Kemper, Leite, & Arruda, 2001;He, Cao, & Poplawsky, 2020;Katzen et al, 1998;Lu et al, 2008;Rajagopal, Sundari, Balasubramanian, & Sonti, 1997). XSXP phylogroup have a long history of taxonomic reshuffling based on phenotypic, morphological characteristics and genotypic methods.…”