Chemical Structure Elucidation in the Development of Inorganic Drugs: Evidence from Ru‐, Au‐, As‐, and Sb‐based Medicines

Abstract

Structure elucidation plays a critical role across the landscape of medicinal chemistry, including medicinal inorganic chemistry. Herein, we discuss the importance of structure elucidation in drug development and then provide three vignettes that capture key instances of its relevance in the development of biologically active inorganic compounds. In the first, we describe the exploration of the biological activity of the trinuclear Ru compound called ruthenium red and the realization that this activity derived from a dinuclear impurity. We next explore the development of Au‐based antitubercular and antiarthritic drugs, which features a key step whereby ligands were discovered to bind to Au through S atoms. The third exposition traces the development of As‐based antiparasitic drugs, a key step of which was the realization that the reaction of arsenic acid and aniline does not produce an anilide of arsenic acid, as originally thought, but rather an amino arsonic acid. These case studies provide the motivation for an outlook in which the development of Sb‐based antiparasitic drugs is described. Although antileishmanial pentavalent antimonial drugs remain in widespread use to this day, their chemical structures remain unknown.

A Sterically Accessible Monomeric Stibine Oxide Activates Organotetrel(IV) Halides, Including C–F and Si–F Bonds

“…Our group has been interested in molecules that feature Sb–O bonds with relevance in medicinal and synthetic organometallic chemistry. − Unlike phosphine oxides and arsine oxides of the form R 3 Pn=O/R 3 Pn + –O – (Pn = P, As), which readily exist as tetrahedral monomers, stibine oxides are typically dimeric or oligomeric with Sb–O single bonds. − The currently accepted model of pnictoryl bonding (Pn=O/Pn + –O – ) involves a polar covalent single bond stabilized by backdonation from O-centered lone pairs to Pn–C σ* orbitals . The remarkable stability of the phosphoryl bond can be exploited to drive reactions to completion, − and its polarity allows phosphine oxides to find diverse applications in coordination chemistry, uranium capture, supramolecular synthesis, medicine, and catalysis. , …”