Chemical study and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the leaves of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, Elaeocarpaceae

Abstract

The effects of A. chilensis are herein demonstrated, validating its use in traditional medicine. Protopine is reported for the first time in Elaeocarpaceae.

Antinociceptive effectiveness of triterpenes from rosemary in visceral nociception

“…They are natural products structurally characterized by a basic backbone with 30 carbon atoms derived from the cyclization of squalene. Oleanolic acid and its isomer, ursolic acid, as well as micromeric acid have been found in species used around the world in folk medicine to relieve inflammation (Al-Sereiti et al, 1999;Peng et al, 2007) and nociception (Maia et al, 2006a, b;Kang et al, 2008;Freitas et al, 2009;Kawano et al, 2009;Muñ oz et al, 2011;AlvesRodrigues et al, 2012). A mixture of these triterpenes was reported to be the possibly responsible for the antinociceptive activity of Bouchea fluminensis (Verbenaceae) determined by using the hot plate and writhing tests in mice (Costa et al, 2003).…”

“…A mixture of ursolic acid/oleanolic acid was isolated from the active hexane fraction of Salvia officinalis and tested at 30 mg/kg, p.o., which inhibited (50%) the inflammatory phase of formalin test and the nociception and mechanical allodynia induced by cinnamaldehyde, an agonist of TRPA1 receptors (Alves-Rodrigues et al, 2012). Ursolic acid, among other active constituents, has been identified in species from Cestrum genus like C. auriculatum, C. hediundinum, and C. laurifolium (Kawano et al, 2009) and in Aristotelia chilensis (Muñ oz et al, 2011), which are used to alleviate headache, fever and rheumatism. This triterpene was also isolated from Oldenlandia diffusa and tested at 25-200 mg/kg, p.o., to suppress in a dose-dependent manner the arthritisinduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia with a comparable effectiveness than the NSAID ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.)…”

The powerful colour of the maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) fruit

“…A successive study [22] investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities using bioguided in-vivo assay to identify the main chemical constituents in maqui leaf and, thereby, scientifically validate its medicinal use. Aristoteline, aristone, serratoline and hobartinol were isolated from of a crude alkaloid residue of maqui leaf.…”

“…The aqueous leaf extract yielded protopine, aristoteline and caffeic and ferulic acids. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied using two animal models: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice and carrageenan-induced paw oedema in guinea-pigs [22].…”

HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND FLAVONOL PROFILES OF MAQUI (Aristotelia chilensis) FRUITS

“…The reported antioxidant levels in µmol Trolox equivalents/100 g (fresh weight) were 25662, 19850, 10770, and 8869 for calafate, maqui, murtilla, and blueberries, respectively; these levels are all higher than those detected for other widely consumed fruits such as apples, pears, apricots, peaches, and plums 15 . The biological effects of maqui fruit extracts has been documented based on in vitro studies, with claims of anti-inflammatory effects 7,16 , antioxidant properties 6,7,15 , antiatherogenic activity 17 , cardioprotective 1 and hypoglycemic effects 9 , as well as antihaemolytic properties 18 . Based on these studies, maqui fruit is considered as a potential source of bioactive compounds; however, to fully understand and exploit the potential of maqui as functional fruit, the content and profiles of flavonols and HCAD S must be elucidated.…”