Chemical syntheses of nanocrystalline lithium manganese oxide spinel

Abstract

The use of lithium manganese oxides in rechargeable lithium ion batteries has been stimulated due to their low cost and environmental compatibility. Especially, the interest of scientists concerns the oxide of the stable, spinel structured LiMn2O4. In the present work, this compound has been synthesized by three different methods viz., solid state reaction, modified sol–gel, and microwave hydrothermal techniques. The phase compositions of products were investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) method and the surface morphology of nanopowders was examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Rational Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Ultrasmall Nanocrystalline Manganese Binary Oxide Catalysts under Controlled Metal Cation Hydration in Organic Media

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Manganese binary oxides have attractedt remendous attention because of their potentialu ses as oxidants, [10][11][12][13][14] catalysts, [15][16][17][18][19][20] electrode materials, [3][4][5][6][7] and adsorbents. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] For example, LiÀ Mn spinel oxide has served as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries [3][4][5][6][7] and Li + ion-selective adsorbents [21,24,28] because its structuree nables the electrochemical and/orc hemical extrac-tion and insertion of Li + ions. Furthermore,m anganese binary oxidesh ave demonstrated high catalytic activity for several aerobic oxidation reactions, [15][16][17][18]…”

“…Nanocrystalline metal oxides benefit from large specific surface areas and short ion diffusion lengths, which may facilitate efficient surface reaction and rapid ion extraction/insertion needed in high‐performance functional materials . Manganese binary oxides have attracted tremendous attention because of their potential uses as oxidants, catalysts, electrode materials, and adsorbents . For example, Li−Mn spinel oxide has served as cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries and Li + ion‐selective adsorbents because its structure enables the electrochemical and/or chemical extraction and insertion of Li + ions.…”

Formation of Fe and Ni substituted LiMn2–XMXO4nanopowders and their crystal and electronic structure and magnetic properties

“…The spinel structured lithium manganese oxide nanomaterials: LiMn 2 − x M x O 4 , where M = Ni, Fe and 0.1 x 0.5 (corresponding to nominal Mn:Fe or Mn:Ni composition ratios of 1.9:0.1, 1.8:0.2, 1.7:0.3, 1.6:0.4 and 1.5:0.5, respectively) were synthesized by a simple, low cost, modified sol-gel method [5,6,[42][43][44][45] , 99.5 % CHEMPUR) acids were added as complexing agents. Finally, the solution was evaporated until a gel was formed, which was further dried for a few hours at 150°C.…”

“…Being a solution-based route, it offers a possibility of molecular level mixing of the starting materials. As a consequence, one can attain a high degree of homogeneity with small particle size and high surface area [3][4][5][6].…”

Structural and morphological studies of manganese-based cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

“…The prepared xerogels were ground in agate mortar to obtain fine powders. The LiMn 2 O 4 powders have been heated in the temperature range: 450 -700°C, for a few hours in air [29,30].…”